Foreword	6
	Preface	8
	Acknowledgments	10
	Contents	12
	Contributors	16
	Part I Fundamentals of Athletic Footwear and Orthoses	18
	1 Evolution of Athletic Footwear	19
	History of the Running Shoe	19
	Ancient History	19
	The Running Shoe Revolution	20
	Reebok Begins the Race	20
	The Amazing Dassler Brothers	21
	Tiger Shoes and ASICS Join the Chase	21
	New Balance and Intelligent Design	21
	The Modest Beginnings of the Nike Shoe Empire	22
	Breakthrough by Brooks	22
	Key Contributors in Athletic Shoe Development	22
	Early Research on Athletic Shoes	26
	Running Shoe Anatomy: Past and Present	27
	The Upper	28
	Upper Materials: Past and Present	28
	The Bottom	29
	Materials: Past and Present	29
	Wedges	30
	Outsole	30
	Insole and Sockliner	31
	Putting It All Together	31
	References	32
	2 Evolution of Foot Orthoses in Sports	34
	Definition of Foot Orthoses	34
	Historical Evolution of Foot Orthoses	35
	Research and Theory on Orthosis Function	35
	Research on Therapeutic Effectiveness of Orthoses	36
	Theories of Foot Orthosis Function	37
	Research on Biomechanical Effects of Foot Orthoses	43
	Foot Orthoses Alter Foot and Lower Extremity Kinematics and Kinetics	44
	Foot Orthoses Alter Contractile Activity of Lower Extremity Muscles	45
	Foot Orthoses Improve Postural Stability	45
	Foot Orthoses Reduce Plantar Forces and Pressures	46
	Conclusion	47
	References	47
	3 Athletic Foot Types and Deformities	51
	Normal Foot Motion and Biomechanics During Gait	51
	Foot Types	52
	Functional Foot Disorders	53
	Examples of Foot Deformities in Athletes	53
	Lower Extremity Pathology	54
	Calcaneal Apophysitis	54
	Kohler's Disease	54
	Freiberg's Disease	55
	Heel Spur Syndrome or Plantar Fasciitis	55
	Sesamoiditis	56
	Stress Fracture	56
	Ankle Sprains	56
	Patellofemoral Dysfunction	58
	Interdigital Neuroma	58
	Achilles Tendonitis	58
	Posterior Tibial Tendonitis	58
	Hallux Abducto Valgus	58
	Hammer Toe Deformity	59
	Tailor's Bunion	59
	Treatment	60
	References	60
	4 Clinical Gait Evaluation of the Athlete	61
	Technology	62
	Digital Video Analysis: 3D Analysis	62
	Digital Video Analysis: 2D Analysis	63
	Pressure Analysis	63
	Methodology	64
	Video Analysis Methodology	65
	In-Shoe Pressure Methodology	66
	Conclusion	67
	References	68
	5 Athletic Shoe Evaluation	69
	Anatomy of an Athletic Shoe	69
	Last	70
	Toe Box	70
	Vamp	70
	Balmoral Versus Blucher	70
	Outer Sole	70
	Midsole	71
	Upper	71
	Heel Counter	71
	Function of Athletic Shoes	71
	Clinical Assessment of Athletic Shoes	73
	Fit	73
	Insoles	73
	Forefoot Flexibility	74
	Midfoot Sagittal Stability	74
	Midfoot Frontal Stability	74
	Lateral Midsole Heel Cushion	75
	Medial Midsole Heel Density	75
	Heel Counter	75
	Outsole Surface Area	76
	Conclusion	76
	6 Athletic Shoe Fit and Modifications	77
	Shoe Fitting	77
	Size	77
	Shape	78
	Stability	78
	Style	79
	Athletic Shoe Modifications	80
	Shoe Stretching	81
	Conclusion	81
	7 Athletic Socks	82
	Historical Background	82
	Basic Sock Design and Construction	82
	Fiber Composition	84
	Moisture Management	84
	Fibers Used for Athletic Socks	85
	Clinical Benefits of Athletic Socks	87
	Impact and Pressure Reduction	87
	Friction Blisters	88
	Potential Clinical Benefits	89
	Conclusion and Recommendations	89
	References	90
	8 Athletic Shoe Lacing in Sports Medicine	92
	Athletic Shoelace Materials	92
	Athletic Shoelace Shapes	92
	Athletic Shoelace Lacing Techniques	93
	Standard Crisscross Lacing Pattern	93
	Non-crossing, Parallel Lacing Pattern	94
	Outside-Eyelet, Crisscross Lacing Pattern	95
	Inside-Eyelet, Crisscross Lacing Pattern	96
	Distal--Medial Eyelet Lacing Technique	97
	Heel Lock Lacing Modification	97
	Open Distal Eyelet Lacing Technique	98
	Open Eyelet Lacing Technique	98
	Athletic Shoelace Technology	98
	Athletic Shoelace Specialized Systems	99
	Athletic Shoelace Lengths	100
	Summary	100
	9 Prefabricated Insoles and Modifications in Sports Medicine	101
	Definitions	101
	Benefits of Insoles	102
	Summary	106
	References	106
	10 Orthodigital Devices in Sports Medicine	107
	Guidelines for Fabrication of an Orthodigital Device	108
	Step-by-Step Process for Fabricating an Orthodigital Device	108
	Summary	112
	References	113
	11 Evidence-Based Orthotic Therapy	114
	Evidence for Orthotic Therapy	115
	Plantar Fasciitis	116
	Functional Hallux Limitus	118
	Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome	119
	Knee Pain	120
	Summary	120
	References	121
	12 Custom Foot Orthoses	123
	Material and Flexibility	124
	Correction and Positive Balancing	125
	Orthosis Extensions and Additions	127
	References	128
	13 Ankle Foot Orthoses for the Athlete	129
	Terminology	129
	Types of Ankle Braces and Ankle Foot Orthoses	129
	Treatment Effects of Ankle Braces and Ankle Foot Orthoses	133
	Studies of Kinetics and Kinematics of Ankle Braces	133
	Studies of Kinetics and Kinematics of Ankle Foot Orthoses	136
	Effects of Ankle Bracing on Sports Performance	137
	Balance and Proprioception	138
	Prevention of Injury	139
	Treatment of Injury	140
	Summary	141
	14 Prescribing Athletic Footwear and Orthoses: The Game Plan	143
	The Guidelines for a Customized Footwear Prescription	143
	Determine the Foot Type	144
	Determine the Foot's Function During Gait	144
	Consider Any Foot Pathology	145
	Consider the Size and Weight of the Athlete	145
	Consider the Athlete's Demands from the Sport	145
	Assess Key Features of the Athletic Shoe	146
	Athletic Shoes	146
	Athletic Socks	149
	Athletic Shoe Laces and Lacing Techniques	149
	Pre-fabricated Athletic Shoe Insoles	149
	Athletic Shoe Modifications	149
	Referral for Custom Foot or Ankle Orthoses	149
	Prescribe Athletic Custom Foot Orthoses and Modifications	150
	Prescribe Athletic Ankle Foot Orthoses and Modifications	150
	Follow-Up Re-assessment for Possible Modifications After Wear-Testing	150
	Summary	150
	Part II Sport-Specific Recommendations	151
	15 Walking and Running	152
	Gait Biomechanics: Walking vs. Running	152
	Classification of Running Foot Types	153
	The Neutral Foot	153
	The Pronated Foot	153
	The Cavus Foot	153
	Classification and Selection of a Running Athletic Shoe	153
	Normal Arch	154
	Flatfoot Arch	154
	High Arch	154
	Types of Running Shoes	155
	Running Socks	156
	Custom Running Orthoses	157
	Injuries That Influence Running Shoe Selection	158
	Functional Hallux Limitus	158
	Plantar Fasciitis	158
	Achilles Tendonitis	158
	Anterior Shin Splints	159
	Posterior Shin Splints	159
	Runner's Knee	159
	References	159
	16 Racing, Cross-Country, and Track and Field	160
	Purpose of Specialized Shoes	160
	Types of Racing Shoes	161
	Lightweight Trainer	161
	Road Racing Flat	161
	Spike Plate	161
	Cross-Country	162
	Track and Field	163
	Sprints	163
	Middle and Long Distance	163
	Jumps	164
	Throws	165
	Putting It All Together	165
	Spikes	166
	Training	166
	Skin Issues	167
	Support	167
	17 Triathlon and Duathlon	170
	Overuse Injuries	171
	The Act of Running: Single Support and Double Float (Swing)	172
	The Act of Cycling: Spinning Through Power and Recovery Phases	175
	Biomechanic Role of the Foot	176
	Anatomy of a Triathletes Running and Cycling Shoes	178
	The Running Shoe	178
	The Cycling Shoe	181
	Classifying Running Shoes	183
	Finding the Perfect Triathlon Shoe	184
	Pedal and Cleat Systems	187
	Socks for the Triathlete	187
	Foot Orthoses Success	189
	The Athlete and Overuse Injuries	198
	The Older-Aged Triathlete	198
	18 Cycling	201
	Cycling Biomechanics and Considerations	201
	The Pedal Cycle	202
	Pedaling Technique	203
	Pedaling Forces	204
	Cycling Injuries and Risk Factors	204
	Cycling Footwear	205
	Cycling Shoe Fit	206
	Cycling Shoe Construction	206
	Road Cycling Shoe Construction	206
	Sport Cycling Shoe Construction	209
	Mountain Biking Shoe Construction	210
	Cycling Cleats	211
	Pedals	213
	Foot Position on the Pedal	214
	Cycling Insoles	214
	Cycling Orthoses	215
	Socks	216
	Footwear Recommendations and Modifications for Prevention and Treatment of Injury	216
	Knee Pain	216
	Iliotibial Band Syndrome	217
	Limb Length Inequality	217
	Achilles Tendon and Posterior Heel Pain	218
	Plantar Fasciitis	218
	Forefoot Pain and Injuries	218
	The Future of Cycling Footwear	219
	References	219
	19 Racquet Sports: Tennis, Badminton, Squash, Racquetball, and Handball	222
	Court Design and Surfaces	222
	Biomechanical Demands of Racquet Sports	223
	Common Injuries	223
	Racquet Shoe Design	224
	Injury Prevention	225
	Performance	226
	Comfort	227
	Desirable Features of A Court Shoe	228
	Orthoses	228
	Summary	229
	References	229
	20 Football	231
	Foot Structure as It Relates Specifically to Football	234
	The Rectus Foot Type	234
	The Pronated Foot Type	234
	The Supinated Foot Type	235
	Footwear Recommendations	237
	Historical Background	237
	Cleat Selection	238
	Materials	238
	Lacing Techniques	239
	Ankle Spatting	239
	Ankle Bracing	239
	Orthoses	239
	Sock Selection	240
	Footwear Recommendations for Common Football Pathologies	240
	Turf Toe	240
	Sesamoiditis	240
	Neuroma	241
	Metatarsalgia	241
	Lateral Ankle Sprains	242
	Syndesmotic Ankle Sprains	242
	References	242
	21 Soccer	244
	Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Considerations of Soccer	244
	General Footwear Recommendations	245
	Anatomy of a Soccer Shoe	245
	Upper Materials	245
	Outsole Materials	246
	Molded Shoes	246
	Detachable Cleats	246
	Turfs	247
	Hybrid	247
	Indoor	248
	Midsole	248
	Lacing	248
	Shin Guards	248
	Orthoses	248
	Common Injuries and Preventions	249
	Apophysitis	249
	Plantar Fasciitis	249
	Achilles Tendonitis	250
	Soccer Toe	250
	Inversion Injuries	250
	Conclusion	250
	References	251
	22 Skating	252
	Hockey Skate Boots	252
	Goalie Skates	254
	In-Line Skates	255
	Figure Skates	255
	Speed Skates	257
	Biomechanics	257
	Clinical Injury Perspective	258
	Clinical Biomechanical Balance	259
	Step 1: Foot Balance Within Boot-Custom Foot Orthosis	259
	Step 2: Blade Balance	261
	Case 1: Moderate Pronation	265
	Case 2: Moderate--Severe Pronation	266
	Case 3: Supinated Pes Cavus Foot Type	268
	Conclusion	269
	References	270
	23 Skiing and Snowboarding	272
	Downhill Skiing	272
	Tibial Varum	274
	Tibial Valgum	274
	Forefoot Varus	275
	Snowboarding	276
	Cross-Country Skiing	277
	References	278
	24 Basketball and Volleyball	280
	Custom Foot Orthoses	282
	Sport-Specific Pathology	283
	Lateral Ankle Sprain	283
	Plantar Fasciitis	283
	Other Injuries	284
	Jones Fracture	284
	Summary	284
	References	285
	25 Aerobic Dance and Cheerleading	287
	Aerobic Dance	287
	Urban Rebounding	290
	Kickboxing	291
	Cheerleading	291
	References	294
	26 Dance	295
	Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Considerations in the Evaluation of the Dancer	295
	The Foot	296
	The Functional Examination	297
	The Knee	298
	The Hip	298
	General Flexibility and Strength	299
	What to Look for at the Foot and Ankle	299
	The Ankle Joint	301
	The Midtarsal Joint	301
	Footwear Recommendations and Modifications	302
	Foot Hygiene	303
	References	304
	27 Baseball and Softball	306
	Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Considerations of Baseball and Softball	306
	General Footwear Recommendations	307
	Footwear Modifications	307
	Pathology Specific (Acute and Chronic)	307
	References	309
	28 Special Olympics	310
	References	321
	Part III Coding and Billing	322
	29 Durable Medical Equipment and Coding in Sports Medicine	323
	Definition	323
	Durability	324
	Medical Equipment	324
	Medically Necessary	324
	Not Medically Necessary	325
	Licensure	325
	Assignment	326
	Participating Supplier	326
	Non-participating Supplier	326
	FEE Schedule	327
	Communication	328
	Office Forms/Policies	328
	Billing Protocols	328
	NPI Number	329
	Place of Service	329
	Obtaining a Denial	329
	Incorrect or Overpayment	330
	Modifiers	330
	Deductibles and Deposits	331
	Sales Tax	331
	Dispensing Requirements	331
	Patient Education	332
	Replacement Interval	332
	Inability to Deliver DME	332
	Specific Items	333
	Orthoses	333
	Custom Foot Orthoses	333
	Biomechanical Examination	334
	Gait Analysis	334
	Orthoses HCPCS Codes	334
	Orthosis Modifications	335
	E/M Services with Regard to Orthosis Management	335
	Postoperative/Wooden Shoes/Cast Shoes	336
	Covered Items	336
	Non-covered Items	336
	Strapping	337
	Casts	337
	Billing Scenario	337
	Visit 1	337
	Sample Billing	338
	Visit 2	338
	Sample Billing	338
	Visit 3	339
	Sample Billing	339
	Visit 4	339
	Sample Billing	339
	Visit 5	339
	Sample Billing	340
	Further Follow-Up	340
	Visit 6	340
	Sample Billing	340
	Visit 7	340
	Sample Billing	340
	Visit 8	341
	Sample Billing	341
	Visit 9	341
	Sample Billing	341
	Visit 10	341
	Sample Billing	342
	Visit 11	342
	Sample Billing	342
	Conclusion	342
	Index	343