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Sports Injuries and Prevention
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Sports Injuries and Prevention
von: Kazuyuki Kanosue, Tetsuya Ogawa, Mako Fukano, Toru Fukubayashi
Springer-Verlag, 2015
ISBN: 9784431553182
406 Seiten, Download: 14566 KB
 
Format:  PDF
geeignet für: Apple iPad, Android Tablet PC's Online-Lesen PC, MAC, Laptop

Typ: B (paralleler Zugriff)

 

 
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Inhaltsverzeichnis

  Introduction to the Series 6  
  Preface 8  
  Contents 12  
  Part I: Sports Injury Surveillance 16  
     Chapter 1: Sports Injury Surveillance in Japan (from Sports Safety Association) 17  
        1.1 Introduction 17  
        1.2 Statistics 18  
           1.2.1 Overview of Incidence 18  
           1.2.2 Incidence by Age Bracket 19  
           1.2.3 Incidence by Month 19  
           1.2.4 Most Frequent Anatomical Sites 20  
           1.2.5 Major Injury (and by Gender) 20  
           1.2.6 Types of Sports (Overview) 22  
           1.2.7 Injury by Types of Sports Activities 22  
        References 27  
     Chapter 2: Sports Injury Surveillance in Japanese Junior and Senior High School Students 28  
        2.1 Introduction 28  
        2.2 Subjects and Methods 29  
        2.3 Results 30  
           2.3.1 The Characteristics of the 11 Sports 30  
              The Number and Rate of Sports-Related Injuries 30  
               The Number and Rate of Sports-Related Injuries in Male and Female Students 31  
               The Number and Rate of Sports-Related Injuries in Junior and Senior High School Students 32  
              The Number of Sports-Related Injuries by Month 33  
              The Number of Sports-Related Injuries by Body Part 34  
              The Number of Sports-Related Injuries by Type 35  
              The Number and Rate of Sports-Related Injuries by Sport 36  
           2.3.2 Analysis of Individual Sports-Related Injuries 37  
              Severe Head and Neck Injury 37  
                 Details of the Head Injuries 38  
                 Trends in Severe Head and Neck Injuries by Sport 39  
              Four Types of Specific Sports-Related Injury 41  
                 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear 42  
                 Shoulder Dislocation 44  
                 Ankle Sprain 45  
                 Fifth Metatarsal Fracture (Including Stress Fracture) 46  
           2.3.3 Conclusion 47  
         The Numbers of Students Affiliated with the 11 Clubs 48  
     Chapter 3: Injury and Illness Surveillance Among Olympic Athletes: Summary of the 2010 Winter, and the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympic Games 52  
        3.1 Introduction 52  
        3.2 Methods 53  
           3.2.1 Injury and Illness Report Form 54  
           3.2.2 Definition of Injury and Illness 54  
        3.3 Results 54  
           3.3.1 Injury Risk in Different Sports 54  
           3.3.2 Injury Location and Type 57  
           3.3.3 Injury Mechanism, Circumstance, and Severity 58  
           3.3.4 Incidence and Distribution of Illnesses 58  
        3.4 Discussion 58  
           3.4.1 Incidence and Distribution, Type and Cause of Illnesses 60  
           3.4.2 Practical Implications and Further Research 60  
        3.5 Conclusion 61  
        References 62  
  Part II: Concussion and Severe Head–Neck Injury 64  
     Chapter 4: Concussions in Junior Rugby Football Athletes and Their Prevention 65  
        4.1 Introduction 65  
           4.1.1 Definition of Concussion 66  
        4.2 Injury Incidence 66  
           4.2.1 mTBI 67  
           4.2.2 Rugby Football 68  
        4.3 Prevention of Concussion 69  
           4.3.1 Protective Equipment 69  
           4.3.2 Rule Change 70  
           4.3.3 Education 70  
        References 71  
     Chapter 5: Prevention of Head and Neck Trauma in Rugby 72  
        5.1 Introduction 72  
        5.2 Current Realities of Head and Neck Trauma in Rugby in Japan 73  
        5.3 Causes of Injury 76  
           5.3.1 Causes of Injury Related to Tackles 76  
           5.3.2 Causes of Injury Related to Scrums 78  
           5.3.3 Causes of Injury Related to Tight Play (a Maul or Ruck) 78  
        5.4 Prevention of Head and Neck Trauma 81  
        5.5 Prevention of Head and Neck Trauma Due to Tackles 82  
        5.6 Prevention of Head and Neck Trauma in a Scrum 83  
        5.7 Prevention of Head and/or Neck Trauma in Tight Situations (a Maul or Ruck) 84  
        5.8 Conclusion 84  
        References 85  
     Chapter 6: Severe Head & Neck Injury and Its Prevention in Judo 86  
        6.1 Introduction 86  
        6.2 Head and Neck Injuries in Judo Athletes 87  
           6.2.1 Concussion 87  
           6.2.2 Severe Traumatic Head Injuries 88  
           6.2.3 Severe Traumatic Neck Injuries 89  
           6.2.4 Judo-Related Injuries During Regular Class and After School Activities 90  
        6.3 Principle of Judo 90  
        6.4 Prevention of Traumatic Head Injury in Judo 92  
           6.4.1 All Japan Judo Federation 92  
           6.4.2 The Ministry of Education in Japan 94  
           6.4.3 Practice in Prevention of Traumatic Head Injury 94  
           6.4.4 Referee Regulations in Judo Contests for Injury Prevention 95  
        Glossary of Judo Terms 96  
        References 96  
     Chapter 7: Concussion and Severe Head-Neck Injury: An Approach for Their Prevention in Rugby and Judo 97  
        7.1 Introduction 97  
        7.2 Epidemiology of Concussions 98  
        7.3 Clinical Symptoms of Concussions 98  
        7.4 Clinical Grading of Concussions 98  
        7.5 Mechanical Aspects of Concussions 99  
        7.6 Experimental Studies of Concussion 100  
        7.7 Simulation of Concussions 100  
        7.8 Pathophysiology of Clinical Symptoms 101  
        7.9 Aims of Prophylaxis for Concussions 102  
        7.10 Prophylaxis of Concussions 103  
        References 103  
  Part III: ACL Injury: Injury Mechanism, Prevention Programs, and Their Usefulness 105  
     Chapter 8: Video Analysis of ACL Injuries in Sports 106  
        8.1 Injury Causation in Sports 106  
        8.2 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries 107  
        8.3 Research Approaches to Investigate Injury Mechanisms 108  
        8.4 The Importance of Video Analysis 108  
        8.5 Video Analysis of ACL Injuries in Ball/Team Sports 109  
        8.6 The Validity of Simple, Visual Inspection 109  
        8.7 Development of a Model-Based Image-Matching (MBIM) Method for 3D Motion Reconstruction from Uncalibrated Camera Sequences 109  
        8.8 Validation of the MBIM Method 113  
        8.9 Application on ACL Injury Situations 113  
        8.10 Limitations and Possibilities 116  
        References 116  
     Chapter 9: Video Analysis of ACL Injury Mechanisms Using a Model-Based Image-Matching Technique 118  
        9.1 Introduction 119  
           9.1.1 Previously Proposed ACL Injury Mechanisms 119  
           9.1.2 Research Approaches to Injury Mechanisms 120  
           9.1.3 Development of Model-Based Image-Matching Technique 120  
        9.2 Biomechanics in Non-contact ACL Injury 121  
        9.3 Timing of Non-contact ACL Injury 125  
        9.4 Mechanism for Non-contact ACL Injury 125  
        9.5 The Role of the Hip in Preventing ACL Injury 126  
        9.6 ACL Injury Prevention Based on the Proposed Mechanisms 127  
        References 128  
     Chapter 10: Injury Rate of Soccer Players and the Efficacy of the FIFA 11 + Program 130  
        10.1 Characteristics of Soccer Injury 131  
           10.1.1 Injury Rate of Soccer Players 131  
           10.1.2 Injury Rate of Junior Soccer Players 132  
           10.1.3 Injury Rate of the Female Soccer Players 133  
        10.2 Efficacy of the FIFA 11 + Program 134  
           10.2.1 FIFA “The 11” and “11 +” 134  
           10.2.2 Efficacy of the FIFA 11+ on Injury Risk 134  
           10.2.3 Efficacy of the FIFA 11+ on Physical Performance 135  
        References 136  
     Chapter 11: Biomechanical Studies on ACL Injury Risk Factor During Cutting 139  
        11.1 Introduction 139  
        11.2 Review of Previous Studies 140  
        11.3 Gender Differences in Kinematics of Shuttle Run Cutting 141  
        11.4 Gender Differences in the Capacity of Cutting Kinematics 142  
        11.5 Conclusion 146  
        References 147  
     Chapter 12: Biomechanical Risk Factors and Prevention of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury 149  
        12.1 Introduction 149  
        12.2 Biomechanical Risk Factors for ACL Injury 150  
           12.2.1 Jump-Landing 150  
           12.2.2 Cutting Maneuver 151  
        12.3 ACL Injury Prevention Program 151  
           12.3.1 Effects of the Prevention Program on ACL Injury Incidence Rate 152  
           12.3.2 Effects of ACL Injury Prevention Programs on ACL Injury Risk Factors 153  
              Jump-Landing 153  
               Cutting Maneuver 153  
           12.3.3 Components of ACL Injury Prevention Programs 154  
              Plyometric Training 154  
               Balance Training 155  
               Feedback Training 155  
              Strength Training 155  
        12.4 Discussion 156  
        12.5 Conclusion 157  
        References 157  
     Chapter 13: Risk Factor Analysis of Female Soccer Tournament Players 160  
        13.1 Introduction 160  
        13.2 2-D Video Analysis of ACL Injury Events 161  
           13.2.1 Sagittal View Analysis During ACL Injury 162  
           13.2.2 Coronal View Analysis During ACL Injury 163  
        13.3 2-D Video Analysis for Screening ACL Injury Risk 164  
           13.3.1 Data Collection 164  
           13.3.2 Video Editing and Analysis 164  
           13.3.3 Statistical Analysis 165  
           13.3.4 Results 166  
           13.3.5 Discussion 167  
        13.4 Conclusion 168  
        References 168  
     Chapter 14: Prevention of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury 170  
        14.1 ACL Injuries – Why We Need to Prevent Them 171  
           14.1.1 Historical Background 171  
           14.1.2 Physical Consequences of ACL Injury 171  
        14.2 Common ACL Injury Pathomechanics and the Relative Distribution 172  
           14.2.1 Introduction 172  
           14.2.2 Pathomechanics Classifications 172  
           14.2.3 Direct Contact Mechanism 173  
           14.2.4 Indirect Contact Mechanism 173  
           14.2.5 Noncontact Mechanism 174  
           14.2.6 Distribution of ACL Injuries Based on a Pathomechanical Classifications 175  
           14.2.7 Summary of Common ACL Injury Pathomechanics and the Relative Distribution 176  
        14.3 ACL Injury Prevention Clinical Trials 177  
           14.3.1 Introduction 177  
           14.3.2 Literature Search Method 177  
           14.3.3 Documented Clinical Trials from 1995 to 2012 178  
              Hewett et al. (1999) 178  
               Soderman et al. (2000) 178  
               Heidt et al. (2000) 178  
               Myklebust et al. (2003) 178  
               Mandelbaum et al. (2005) 179  
               Olsen et al. (2005) 179  
               Petersen et al. (2005) 179  
               Pfeiffer et al. (2006) 180  
               Pasanen et al. (2008) 180  
               Steffen et al. (2008a) 180  
               Gilchrist et al. (2008) 180  
               Kiani et al. (2010) 181  
               LaBella et al. (2011) 181  
               Walden et al. (2012) 181  
           14.3.4 Summary of Prior ACL Injury Prevention Clinical Trials 182  
        14.4 Biomechanical Alterations Achieved through Specific Neuromuscular Training Exercises 182  
           14.4.1 Introduction 182  
           14.4.2 Strengthening Exercise 182  
           14.4.3 Plyometric Exercise 184  
           14.4.4 Proximal Control Exercise 185  
           14.4.5 Balance and Postural Stability Exercise 186  
           14.4.6 Summary of Biomechanical Alterations Achieved through Specific Neuromuscular Training Exercises 187  
        14.5 Future Directions of ACL Injury Research 187  
           14.5.1 Identification of At-Risk Athletes 187  
           14.5.2 Clinical Feasibility of Neuromuscular Training Intervention 188  
        References 189  
     Chapter 15: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention in Female Adolescents 194  
        15.1 Introduction 194  
        15.2 Changes in ACL Injury Risk Factors in Female Adolescents 195  
           15.2.1 Knee Valgus 195  
           15.2.2 Knee Flexion 196  
           15.2.3 ACL Injury Risk 196  
        15.3 Effect of Injury Prevention Training on Lower Extremity Kinematics 198  
        15.4 Effect of Injury Prevention Training on Incidence of ACL Injury 200  
        15.5 Future Directions 200  
        References 203  
     Chapter 16: FIFA 11+ Injury Prevention in Amateur Football from Development to Worldwide Dissemination 205  
        16.1 Introduction 206  
        16.2 Development of Injury Prevention Programmes 206  
        16.3 Development of a Dissemination Strategy 208  
        16.4 Worldwide Dissemination of “FIFA 11+” 209  
        16.5 Lessons Learned 209  
        16.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 212  
        References 212  
     Chapter 17: Influence of Changing Direction on the Center of Gravity and Knee Joint Angle in Rugby Players 215  
        17.1 Introduction 216  
        17.2 Purpose 216  
        17.3 Method 216  
           17.3.1 Subjects 216  
           17.3.2 Motion Task 217  
           17.3.3 Measurement of Motions 217  
           17.3.4 Analysis 219  
           17.3.5 Analysis Items 219  
           17.3.6 Statistical Processing 222  
        17.4 Results 222  
           17.4.1 Knee Flexion Angle 222  
           17.4.2 CG (Backward Position) 222  
           17.4.3 CG (Height) 223  
           17.4.4 Abduction Angle of Knee Joint 223  
        17.5 Discussion 223  
        17.6 Conclusion 225  
        References 225  
     Chapter 18: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention in Female Lacrosse Players Based on an Examination of Knee and Hip Joint Mechanics During Drop Vertical Jumps Performed While Holding a Lacrosse Stick 227  
        18.1 Introduction 228  
        18.2 Materials and Methods 229  
           18.2.1 Subjects 229  
           18.2.2 Test Protocol 229  
           18.2.3 Data Collection 230  
           18.2.4 Kinematic, Kinetic and Data Analysis 231  
        18.3 Results 232  
        18.4 Discussion 232  
        18.5 Conclusion 235  
        References 235  
     Chapter 19: ACL Injury Mechanism in Badminton: Survey of Injury Situation and Motion Analysis Study 237  
        19.1 Introduction 237  
        19.2 Survey of ACL Injury 238  
           19.2.1 Materials and Methods 238  
           19.2.2 Results 238  
        19.3 Motion Analysis 240  
           19.3.1 Materials and Methods 240  
           19.3.2 Results 241  
        19.4 Conclusion 243  
        References 244  
  Part IV: ACL Injury: Post-operative Rehabilitation, Recovery of Function, and Tendon Regeneration 246  
     Chapter 20: Functional Hop Tests Contribute to Safe Return to Sports After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction 247  
        20.1 Introduction 248  
        20.2 Materials and Methods 249  
           20.2.1 Subjects 249  
           20.2.2 Rehabilitation 250  
           20.2.3 Self-Report Measures 250  
           20.2.4 Hop Test Procedure 251  
           20.2.5 Isokinetic Strength Evaluation 252  
           20.2.6 Data Analysis 252  
        20.3 Results 253  
           20.3.1 Self-Report Measures 253  
           20.3.2 Hop Tests 253  
           20.3.3 Isokinetic Strength 254  
           20.3.4 Relationship Between Hop Test Scores and Other Measurements 254  
        20.4 Discussion 255  
        20.5 Conclusion 258  
        References 259  
     Chapter 21: Biomechanical Adaptations in Subjects After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Preventing Secondary Injury 261  
        21.1 Introduction 261  
        21.2 Study Selection 263  
        21.3 Tasks to Identify Biomechanical Adaptations After ACL Reconstruction 263  
        21.4 Kinematics and Kinetics Representing Biomechanical Adaptations 266  
        21.5 Current Views in ACL-Reconstructed Subjects 267  
        21.6 Limitations 268  
        References 268  
     Chapter 22: Morphology and Function of the Semitendinosus Muscle-Tendon Complex After Harvesting Its Tendon for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction 270  
        22.1 Introduction 271  
        22.2 Morphology of the Semitendinosus Muscle-Tendon Complex After Harvesting Its Tendon 272  
        22.3 Relationship Between Knee Flexion Strength and Morphology of the Semitendinosus Muscle-Tendon Complex After Harvesting Its Tendon 272  
        22.4 Function of the Semitendinosus Muscle-Tendon Complex After Harvesting Its Tendon 275  
        22.5 Conclusion 276  
        References 276  
  Part V: Muscle Functions, Occurrence Mechanisms, and Program to Prevent Strain in the Hamstring Muscles 279  
     Chapter 23: Functional Differences Among Hamstring Muscles in Hip Extension and Knee Flexion Exercises 280  
        23.1 Introduction 280  
        23.2 Morphology and Function of the Hamstring Muscles 281  
        23.3 Function of the Hamstring Muscles at the Hip and Knee Joints 284  
           23.3.1 Hip Extension 284  
           23.3.2 Knee Flexion 285  
        23.4 Perspective 287  
        References 287  
     Chapter 24: Anatomical and Functional Differences of Hamstrings 290  
        24.1 Introduction 290  
        24.2 Materials and Methods 291  
           24.2.1 In-Vitro Anatomical Study 291  
           24.2.2 In-Vivo Clinical Study 292  
        24.3 Results 293  
           24.3.1 In-vitro Anatomical Study 293  
           24.3.2 In-vivo Clinical Study 294  
        24.4 Discussion 296  
        References 297  
     Chapter 25: Differences in Activation Patterns of the Hamstring Muscles During Sprinting 300  
        25.1 Introduction 300  
        25.2 Activation Patterns of the Hamstring Muscles During Sprinting 301  
           25.2.1 Function of the Hamstring Muscles During Sprinting 301  
           25.2.2 Activation Characteristics of the Lateral Versus. Medial Hamstring Muscles During Sprinting 302  
           25.2.3 Changes in the Activity of the Hamstring Muscles with Increasing Running Speed 305  
        25.3 Insight into the Mechanism of Hamstring Strain Injuries During Sprinting 306  
           25.3.1 Mechanism of Hamstring Strain Injuries During Sprinting 306  
           25.3.2 Relation to the Location of the Hamstring Strain Injury 306  
        25.4 Conclusion 308  
        References 308  
     Chapter 26: The Relationship Between Eccentric Exercise and Muscle Damage in Hamstring Muscles 311  
        26.1 Introduction 311  
        26.2 Activation Patterns of Hamstring Muscles During Eccentric Knee Flexion Exercises and the Differences in the Damage After Exercise 313  
        26.3 Activation Patterns of Hamstring Muscles During Eccentric Hip Extension Exercises and Differences in the Damage After Exercise 320  
        References 325  
     Chapter 27: Risk Factors and Prevention of Hamstring Strain 327  
        27.1 Introduction 327  
        27.2 Risk Factors 328  
           27.2.1 Anatomy 328  
           27.2.2 Hamstring Muscle Strength 328  
           27.2.3 Fatigue 329  
           27.2.4 Flexibility 330  
           27.2.5 Age 330  
           27.2.6 Previous Injury 331  
        27.3 Prevention 331  
        27.4 Conclusion 332  
        References 332  
  Part VI: Function in Arches of the Feet and Occurrence Mechanisms of Foot Disorders, Characteristics, and Their Prevention 335  
     Chapter 28: Kinematics of the Foot and Ankle 336  
        28.1 Introduction 336  
        28.2 Foot Kinematics 337  
        28.3 Ankle Kinematics 342  
        References 343  
     Chapter 29: Biomechanical Analysis of the Effects of Footwear 345  
        29.1 Introduction 345  
        29.2 Changes in Lower Extremity Kinematics During Running 345  
           29.2.1 A New Approach for Analyzing Foot and Ankle Kinematics with Footwear 347  
           29.2.2 Foot Arch 348  
           29.2.3 Talocrural and Subtalar Joints 350  
        References 351  
     Chapter 30: Risk Factors and Mechanisms of Fifth Metatarsal Stress Fracture 352  
        30.1 Introduction 352  
        30.2 Anatomy 353  
        30.3 Blood Supply 353  
        30.4 Classification, Mechanism, and Treatment 353  
           30.4.1 Tuberosity Avulsion Fracture (Zone I) 353  
           30.4.2 Jones Fracture (Zone II) 354  
           30.4.3 Proximal Diaphyseal Stress Fracture (Zone III) 355  
        30.5 Risk Factors 356  
        30.6 The Stress on the Lateral Part of the Foot 358  
        References 358  
  Part VII: Lumbar Disorder and an Approach for Its Prevention 361  
     Chapter 31: Low Back Disorders Among Athletes and Its Prevention 362  
        31.1 Introduction 362  
        31.2 The Pathomechanisms of LBP (Fig. 31.1) 363  
           31.2.1 Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Disorders/Disc Herniation 364  
           31.2.2 Extension Type Low Back Disorders 364  
           31.2.3 Disorders of Muscle, Fascia, and Muscle Insertion 366  
           31.2.4 Sacroiliac Joint Disorders 366  
        31.3 Treatment and Prevention 367  
        References 369  
     Chapter 32: The Epidemiology of Low Back Disorders in Athletes 370  
        32.1 Introduction 370  
        32.2 The Relationships Between Sports Activities and Low Back Disorders 371  
        32.3 Low Back Disorders of Top Athletes 372  
        32.4 The Relationships Between Type of Sport, Position, and Low Back Disorders 373  
        32.5 Conclusions 376  
        References 376  
     Chapter 33: The Prevention of Low Back Disorders in Divers 378  
        33.1 Introduction 378  
        33.2 Second Section: The LBP Incidence Rate in Japanese Elite Junior Divers (First Step) 379  
           33.2.1 Site of Pain in Training Camp 379  
           33.2.2 Dimension of LBP 379  
           33.2.3 Direction of Motion with LBP 381  
           33.2.4 The Occurrence Situation of LBP 381  
        33.3 Third Section: Critical Factors for the Prevention of Low Back Pain in Elite Junior Divers (Second Step) 381  
           33.3.1 Comparison of the LBP and No-LBP Groups 382  
           33.3.2 Factors Associated with LBP 384  
           33.3.3 Summary 385  
        33.4 Fourth Section: Entry Phase Alignment in Men’s Backward Dive Pike (201B) from 3 m Springboard Dives (Second Step) 385  
           33.4.1 Shoulder Joint Angle and Trunk Angle at the Entry Phase 386  
           33.4.2 Comparison of Each Angle at the Entry Phase in the LBP Group and No-LBP Group 387  
           33.4.3 Summary 387  
        References 388  
     Chapter 34: Electromyographic Analysis of Deep Trunk Muscles During Sports Activities 389  
        34.1 Introduction 389  
        34.2 Intramuscular EMG Setup 390  
        34.3 EMG Analysis of Trunk Mucles During Lumbar Stabilization Exercises 391  
           34.3.1 The Activity of the Trunk Muscles During Various Lumbar Stabilization Exercises 391  
           34.3.2 Changes in Trunk Muscle Activity by Lifting of the Extremities During Lumbar Stabilization Exercise 394  
           34.3.3 Trunk Muscle Activity During Lumbar Stabilization Exercises on Stable and Unstable Surfaces 394  
        34.4 EMG Analysis of Trunk Muscles During Sports Activities 396  
           34.4.1 Abdominal Muscle Activity During Jumping 396  
           34.4.2 Abdominal Muscle Activity During Volleyball Block Jump 396  
           34.4.3 Trunk Muscle Activity During a Handstand Posture 398  
        References 398  
  Index 400  


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