|
Introduction to the Series |
6 |
|
|
Preface |
8 |
|
|
Contents |
12 |
|
|
Part I: Sports Injury Surveillance |
16 |
|
|
Chapter 1: Sports Injury Surveillance in Japan (from Sports Safety Association) |
17 |
|
|
1.1 Introduction |
17 |
|
|
1.2 Statistics |
18 |
|
|
1.2.1 Overview of Incidence |
18 |
|
|
1.2.2 Incidence by Age Bracket |
19 |
|
|
1.2.3 Incidence by Month |
19 |
|
|
1.2.4 Most Frequent Anatomical Sites |
20 |
|
|
1.2.5 Major Injury (and by Gender) |
20 |
|
|
1.2.6 Types of Sports (Overview) |
22 |
|
|
1.2.7 Injury by Types of Sports Activities |
22 |
|
|
References |
27 |
|
|
Chapter 2: Sports Injury Surveillance in Japanese Junior and Senior High School Students |
28 |
|
|
2.1 Introduction |
28 |
|
|
2.2 Subjects and Methods |
29 |
|
|
2.3 Results |
30 |
|
|
2.3.1 The Characteristics of the 11 Sports |
30 |
|
|
The Number and Rate of Sports-Related Injuries |
30 |
|
|
The Number and Rate of Sports-Related Injuries in Male and Female Students |
31 |
|
|
The Number and Rate of Sports-Related Injuries in Junior and Senior High School Students |
32 |
|
|
The Number of Sports-Related Injuries by Month |
33 |
|
|
The Number of Sports-Related Injuries by Body Part |
34 |
|
|
The Number of Sports-Related Injuries by Type |
35 |
|
|
The Number and Rate of Sports-Related Injuries by Sport |
36 |
|
|
2.3.2 Analysis of Individual Sports-Related Injuries |
37 |
|
|
Severe Head and Neck Injury |
37 |
|
|
Details of the Head Injuries |
38 |
|
|
Trends in Severe Head and Neck Injuries by Sport |
39 |
|
|
Four Types of Specific Sports-Related Injury |
41 |
|
|
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear |
42 |
|
|
Shoulder Dislocation |
44 |
|
|
Ankle Sprain |
45 |
|
|
Fifth Metatarsal Fracture (Including Stress Fracture) |
46 |
|
|
2.3.3 Conclusion |
47 |
|
|
The Numbers of Students Affiliated with the 11 Clubs |
48 |
|
|
Chapter 3: Injury and Illness Surveillance Among Olympic Athletes: Summary of the 2010 Winter, and the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympic Games |
52 |
|
|
3.1 Introduction |
52 |
|
|
3.2 Methods |
53 |
|
|
3.2.1 Injury and Illness Report Form |
54 |
|
|
3.2.2 Definition of Injury and Illness |
54 |
|
|
3.3 Results |
54 |
|
|
3.3.1 Injury Risk in Different Sports |
54 |
|
|
3.3.2 Injury Location and Type |
57 |
|
|
3.3.3 Injury Mechanism, Circumstance, and Severity |
58 |
|
|
3.3.4 Incidence and Distribution of Illnesses |
58 |
|
|
3.4 Discussion |
58 |
|
|
3.4.1 Incidence and Distribution, Type and Cause of Illnesses |
60 |
|
|
3.4.2 Practical Implications and Further Research |
60 |
|
|
3.5 Conclusion |
61 |
|
|
References |
62 |
|
|
Part II: Concussion and Severe Head–Neck Injury |
64 |
|
|
Chapter 4: Concussions in Junior Rugby Football Athletes and Their Prevention |
65 |
|
|
4.1 Introduction |
65 |
|
|
4.1.1 Definition of Concussion |
66 |
|
|
4.2 Injury Incidence |
66 |
|
|
4.2.1 mTBI |
67 |
|
|
4.2.2 Rugby Football |
68 |
|
|
4.3 Prevention of Concussion |
69 |
|
|
4.3.1 Protective Equipment |
69 |
|
|
4.3.2 Rule Change |
70 |
|
|
4.3.3 Education |
70 |
|
|
References |
71 |
|
|
Chapter 5: Prevention of Head and Neck Trauma in Rugby |
72 |
|
|
5.1 Introduction |
72 |
|
|
5.2 Current Realities of Head and Neck Trauma in Rugby in Japan |
73 |
|
|
5.3 Causes of Injury |
76 |
|
|
5.3.1 Causes of Injury Related to Tackles |
76 |
|
|
5.3.2 Causes of Injury Related to Scrums |
78 |
|
|
5.3.3 Causes of Injury Related to Tight Play (a Maul or Ruck) |
78 |
|
|
5.4 Prevention of Head and Neck Trauma |
81 |
|
|
5.5 Prevention of Head and Neck Trauma Due to Tackles |
82 |
|
|
5.6 Prevention of Head and Neck Trauma in a Scrum |
83 |
|
|
5.7 Prevention of Head and/or Neck Trauma in Tight Situations (a Maul or Ruck) |
84 |
|
|
5.8 Conclusion |
84 |
|
|
References |
85 |
|
|
Chapter 6: Severe Head & Neck Injury and Its Prevention in Judo |
86 |
|
|
6.1 Introduction |
86 |
|
|
6.2 Head and Neck Injuries in Judo Athletes |
87 |
|
|
6.2.1 Concussion |
87 |
|
|
6.2.2 Severe Traumatic Head Injuries |
88 |
|
|
6.2.3 Severe Traumatic Neck Injuries |
89 |
|
|
6.2.4 Judo-Related Injuries During Regular Class and After School Activities |
90 |
|
|
6.3 Principle of Judo |
90 |
|
|
6.4 Prevention of Traumatic Head Injury in Judo |
92 |
|
|
6.4.1 All Japan Judo Federation |
92 |
|
|
6.4.2 The Ministry of Education in Japan |
94 |
|
|
6.4.3 Practice in Prevention of Traumatic Head Injury |
94 |
|
|
6.4.4 Referee Regulations in Judo Contests for Injury Prevention |
95 |
|
|
Glossary of Judo Terms |
96 |
|
|
References |
96 |
|
|
Chapter 7: Concussion and Severe Head-Neck Injury: An Approach for Their Prevention in Rugby and Judo |
97 |
|
|
7.1 Introduction |
97 |
|
|
7.2 Epidemiology of Concussions |
98 |
|
|
7.3 Clinical Symptoms of Concussions |
98 |
|
|
7.4 Clinical Grading of Concussions |
98 |
|
|
7.5 Mechanical Aspects of Concussions |
99 |
|
|
7.6 Experimental Studies of Concussion |
100 |
|
|
7.7 Simulation of Concussions |
100 |
|
|
7.8 Pathophysiology of Clinical Symptoms |
101 |
|
|
7.9 Aims of Prophylaxis for Concussions |
102 |
|
|
7.10 Prophylaxis of Concussions |
103 |
|
|
References |
103 |
|
|
Part III: ACL Injury: Injury Mechanism, Prevention Programs, and Their Usefulness |
105 |
|
|
Chapter 8: Video Analysis of ACL Injuries in Sports |
106 |
|
|
8.1 Injury Causation in Sports |
106 |
|
|
8.2 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries |
107 |
|
|
8.3 Research Approaches to Investigate Injury Mechanisms |
108 |
|
|
8.4 The Importance of Video Analysis |
108 |
|
|
8.5 Video Analysis of ACL Injuries in Ball/Team Sports |
109 |
|
|
8.6 The Validity of Simple, Visual Inspection |
109 |
|
|
8.7 Development of a Model-Based Image-Matching (MBIM) Method for 3D Motion Reconstruction from Uncalibrated Camera Sequences |
109 |
|
|
8.8 Validation of the MBIM Method |
113 |
|
|
8.9 Application on ACL Injury Situations |
113 |
|
|
8.10 Limitations and Possibilities |
116 |
|
|
References |
116 |
|
|
Chapter 9: Video Analysis of ACL Injury Mechanisms Using a Model-Based Image-Matching Technique |
118 |
|
|
9.1 Introduction |
119 |
|
|
9.1.1 Previously Proposed ACL Injury Mechanisms |
119 |
|
|
9.1.2 Research Approaches to Injury Mechanisms |
120 |
|
|
9.1.3 Development of Model-Based Image-Matching Technique |
120 |
|
|
9.2 Biomechanics in Non-contact ACL Injury |
121 |
|
|
9.3 Timing of Non-contact ACL Injury |
125 |
|
|
9.4 Mechanism for Non-contact ACL Injury |
125 |
|
|
9.5 The Role of the Hip in Preventing ACL Injury |
126 |
|
|
9.6 ACL Injury Prevention Based on the Proposed Mechanisms |
127 |
|
|
References |
128 |
|
|
Chapter 10: Injury Rate of Soccer Players and the Efficacy of the FIFA 11 + Program |
130 |
|
|
10.1 Characteristics of Soccer Injury |
131 |
|
|
10.1.1 Injury Rate of Soccer Players |
131 |
|
|
10.1.2 Injury Rate of Junior Soccer Players |
132 |
|
|
10.1.3 Injury Rate of the Female Soccer Players |
133 |
|
|
10.2 Efficacy of the FIFA 11 + Program |
134 |
|
|
10.2.1 FIFA “The 11” and “11 +” |
134 |
|
|
10.2.2 Efficacy of the FIFA 11+ on Injury Risk |
134 |
|
|
10.2.3 Efficacy of the FIFA 11+ on Physical Performance |
135 |
|
|
References |
136 |
|
|
Chapter 11: Biomechanical Studies on ACL Injury Risk Factor During Cutting |
139 |
|
|
11.1 Introduction |
139 |
|
|
11.2 Review of Previous Studies |
140 |
|
|
11.3 Gender Differences in Kinematics of Shuttle Run Cutting |
141 |
|
|
11.4 Gender Differences in the Capacity of Cutting Kinematics |
142 |
|
|
11.5 Conclusion |
146 |
|
|
References |
147 |
|
|
Chapter 12: Biomechanical Risk Factors and Prevention of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury |
149 |
|
|
12.1 Introduction |
149 |
|
|
12.2 Biomechanical Risk Factors for ACL Injury |
150 |
|
|
12.2.1 Jump-Landing |
150 |
|
|
12.2.2 Cutting Maneuver |
151 |
|
|
12.3 ACL Injury Prevention Program |
151 |
|
|
12.3.1 Effects of the Prevention Program on ACL Injury Incidence Rate |
152 |
|
|
12.3.2 Effects of ACL Injury Prevention Programs on ACL Injury Risk Factors |
153 |
|
|
Jump-Landing |
153 |
|
|
Cutting Maneuver |
153 |
|
|
12.3.3 Components of ACL Injury Prevention Programs |
154 |
|
|
Plyometric Training |
154 |
|
|
Balance Training |
155 |
|
|
Feedback Training |
155 |
|
|
Strength Training |
155 |
|
|
12.4 Discussion |
156 |
|
|
12.5 Conclusion |
157 |
|
|
References |
157 |
|
|
Chapter 13: Risk Factor Analysis of Female Soccer Tournament Players |
160 |
|
|
13.1 Introduction |
160 |
|
|
13.2 2-D Video Analysis of ACL Injury Events |
161 |
|
|
13.2.1 Sagittal View Analysis During ACL Injury |
162 |
|
|
13.2.2 Coronal View Analysis During ACL Injury |
163 |
|
|
13.3 2-D Video Analysis for Screening ACL Injury Risk |
164 |
|
|
13.3.1 Data Collection |
164 |
|
|
13.3.2 Video Editing and Analysis |
164 |
|
|
13.3.3 Statistical Analysis |
165 |
|
|
13.3.4 Results |
166 |
|
|
13.3.5 Discussion |
167 |
|
|
13.4 Conclusion |
168 |
|
|
References |
168 |
|
|
Chapter 14: Prevention of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury |
170 |
|
|
14.1 ACL Injuries – Why We Need to Prevent Them |
171 |
|
|
14.1.1 Historical Background |
171 |
|
|
14.1.2 Physical Consequences of ACL Injury |
171 |
|
|
14.2 Common ACL Injury Pathomechanics and the Relative Distribution |
172 |
|
|
14.2.1 Introduction |
172 |
|
|
14.2.2 Pathomechanics Classifications |
172 |
|
|
14.2.3 Direct Contact Mechanism |
173 |
|
|
14.2.4 Indirect Contact Mechanism |
173 |
|
|
14.2.5 Noncontact Mechanism |
174 |
|
|
14.2.6 Distribution of ACL Injuries Based on a Pathomechanical Classifications |
175 |
|
|
14.2.7 Summary of Common ACL Injury Pathomechanics and the Relative Distribution |
176 |
|
|
14.3 ACL Injury Prevention Clinical Trials |
177 |
|
|
14.3.1 Introduction |
177 |
|
|
14.3.2 Literature Search Method |
177 |
|
|
14.3.3 Documented Clinical Trials from 1995 to 2012 |
178 |
|
|
Hewett et al. (1999) |
178 |
|
|
Soderman et al. (2000) |
178 |
|
|
Heidt et al. (2000) |
178 |
|
|
Myklebust et al. (2003) |
178 |
|
|
Mandelbaum et al. (2005) |
179 |
|
|
Olsen et al. (2005) |
179 |
|
|
Petersen et al. (2005) |
179 |
|
|
Pfeiffer et al. (2006) |
180 |
|
|
Pasanen et al. (2008) |
180 |
|
|
Steffen et al. (2008a) |
180 |
|
|
Gilchrist et al. (2008) |
180 |
|
|
Kiani et al. (2010) |
181 |
|
|
LaBella et al. (2011) |
181 |
|
|
Walden et al. (2012) |
181 |
|
|
14.3.4 Summary of Prior ACL Injury Prevention Clinical Trials |
182 |
|
|
14.4 Biomechanical Alterations Achieved through Specific Neuromuscular Training Exercises |
182 |
|
|
14.4.1 Introduction |
182 |
|
|
14.4.2 Strengthening Exercise |
182 |
|
|
14.4.3 Plyometric Exercise |
184 |
|
|
14.4.4 Proximal Control Exercise |
185 |
|
|
14.4.5 Balance and Postural Stability Exercise |
186 |
|
|
14.4.6 Summary of Biomechanical Alterations Achieved through Specific Neuromuscular Training Exercises |
187 |
|
|
14.5 Future Directions of ACL Injury Research |
187 |
|
|
14.5.1 Identification of At-Risk Athletes |
187 |
|
|
14.5.2 Clinical Feasibility of Neuromuscular Training Intervention |
188 |
|
|
References |
189 |
|
|
Chapter 15: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention in Female Adolescents |
194 |
|
|
15.1 Introduction |
194 |
|
|
15.2 Changes in ACL Injury Risk Factors in Female Adolescents |
195 |
|
|
15.2.1 Knee Valgus |
195 |
|
|
15.2.2 Knee Flexion |
196 |
|
|
15.2.3 ACL Injury Risk |
196 |
|
|
15.3 Effect of Injury Prevention Training on Lower Extremity Kinematics |
198 |
|
|
15.4 Effect of Injury Prevention Training on Incidence of ACL Injury |
200 |
|
|
15.5 Future Directions |
200 |
|
|
References |
203 |
|
|
Chapter 16: FIFA 11+ Injury Prevention in Amateur Football from Development to Worldwide Dissemination |
205 |
|
|
16.1 Introduction |
206 |
|
|
16.2 Development of Injury Prevention Programmes |
206 |
|
|
16.3 Development of a Dissemination Strategy |
208 |
|
|
16.4 Worldwide Dissemination of “FIFA 11+” |
209 |
|
|
16.5 Lessons Learned |
209 |
|
|
16.6 Conclusions and Future Directions |
212 |
|
|
References |
212 |
|
|
Chapter 17: Influence of Changing Direction on the Center of Gravity and Knee Joint Angle in Rugby Players |
215 |
|
|
17.1 Introduction |
216 |
|
|
17.2 Purpose |
216 |
|
|
17.3 Method |
216 |
|
|
17.3.1 Subjects |
216 |
|
|
17.3.2 Motion Task |
217 |
|
|
17.3.3 Measurement of Motions |
217 |
|
|
17.3.4 Analysis |
219 |
|
|
17.3.5 Analysis Items |
219 |
|
|
17.3.6 Statistical Processing |
222 |
|
|
17.4 Results |
222 |
|
|
17.4.1 Knee Flexion Angle |
222 |
|
|
17.4.2 CG (Backward Position) |
222 |
|
|
17.4.3 CG (Height) |
223 |
|
|
17.4.4 Abduction Angle of Knee Joint |
223 |
|
|
17.5 Discussion |
223 |
|
|
17.6 Conclusion |
225 |
|
|
References |
225 |
|
|
Chapter 18: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention in Female Lacrosse Players Based on an Examination of Knee and Hip Joint Mechanics During Drop Vertical Jumps Performed While Holding a Lacrosse Stick |
227 |
|
|
18.1 Introduction |
228 |
|
|
18.2 Materials and Methods |
229 |
|
|
18.2.1 Subjects |
229 |
|
|
18.2.2 Test Protocol |
229 |
|
|
18.2.3 Data Collection |
230 |
|
|
18.2.4 Kinematic, Kinetic and Data Analysis |
231 |
|
|
18.3 Results |
232 |
|
|
18.4 Discussion |
232 |
|
|
18.5 Conclusion |
235 |
|
|
References |
235 |
|
|
Chapter 19: ACL Injury Mechanism in Badminton: Survey of Injury Situation and Motion Analysis Study |
237 |
|
|
19.1 Introduction |
237 |
|
|
19.2 Survey of ACL Injury |
238 |
|
|
19.2.1 Materials and Methods |
238 |
|
|
19.2.2 Results |
238 |
|
|
19.3 Motion Analysis |
240 |
|
|
19.3.1 Materials and Methods |
240 |
|
|
19.3.2 Results |
241 |
|
|
19.4 Conclusion |
243 |
|
|
References |
244 |
|
|
Part IV: ACL Injury: Post-operative Rehabilitation, Recovery of Function, and Tendon Regeneration |
246 |
|
|
Chapter 20: Functional Hop Tests Contribute to Safe Return to Sports After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction |
247 |
|
|
20.1 Introduction |
248 |
|
|
20.2 Materials and Methods |
249 |
|
|
20.2.1 Subjects |
249 |
|
|
20.2.2 Rehabilitation |
250 |
|
|
20.2.3 Self-Report Measures |
250 |
|
|
20.2.4 Hop Test Procedure |
251 |
|
|
20.2.5 Isokinetic Strength Evaluation |
252 |
|
|
20.2.6 Data Analysis |
252 |
|
|
20.3 Results |
253 |
|
|
20.3.1 Self-Report Measures |
253 |
|
|
20.3.2 Hop Tests |
253 |
|
|
20.3.3 Isokinetic Strength |
254 |
|
|
20.3.4 Relationship Between Hop Test Scores and Other Measurements |
254 |
|
|
20.4 Discussion |
255 |
|
|
20.5 Conclusion |
258 |
|
|
References |
259 |
|
|
Chapter 21: Biomechanical Adaptations in Subjects After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Preventing Secondary Injury |
261 |
|
|
21.1 Introduction |
261 |
|
|
21.2 Study Selection |
263 |
|
|
21.3 Tasks to Identify Biomechanical Adaptations After ACL Reconstruction |
263 |
|
|
21.4 Kinematics and Kinetics Representing Biomechanical Adaptations |
266 |
|
|
21.5 Current Views in ACL-Reconstructed Subjects |
267 |
|
|
21.6 Limitations |
268 |
|
|
References |
268 |
|
|
Chapter 22: Morphology and Function of the Semitendinosus Muscle-Tendon Complex After Harvesting Its Tendon for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction |
270 |
|
|
22.1 Introduction |
271 |
|
|
22.2 Morphology of the Semitendinosus Muscle-Tendon Complex After Harvesting Its Tendon |
272 |
|
|
22.3 Relationship Between Knee Flexion Strength and Morphology of the Semitendinosus Muscle-Tendon Complex After Harvesting Its Tendon |
272 |
|
|
22.4 Function of the Semitendinosus Muscle-Tendon Complex After Harvesting Its Tendon |
275 |
|
|
22.5 Conclusion |
276 |
|
|
References |
276 |
|
|
Part V: Muscle Functions, Occurrence Mechanisms, and Program to Prevent Strain in the Hamstring Muscles |
279 |
|
|
Chapter 23: Functional Differences Among Hamstring Muscles in Hip Extension and Knee Flexion Exercises |
280 |
|
|
23.1 Introduction |
280 |
|
|
23.2 Morphology and Function of the Hamstring Muscles |
281 |
|
|
23.3 Function of the Hamstring Muscles at the Hip and Knee Joints |
284 |
|
|
23.3.1 Hip Extension |
284 |
|
|
23.3.2 Knee Flexion |
285 |
|
|
23.4 Perspective |
287 |
|
|
References |
287 |
|
|
Chapter 24: Anatomical and Functional Differences of Hamstrings |
290 |
|
|
24.1 Introduction |
290 |
|
|
24.2 Materials and Methods |
291 |
|
|
24.2.1 In-Vitro Anatomical Study |
291 |
|
|
24.2.2 In-Vivo Clinical Study |
292 |
|
|
24.3 Results |
293 |
|
|
24.3.1 In-vitro Anatomical Study |
293 |
|
|
24.3.2 In-vivo Clinical Study |
294 |
|
|
24.4 Discussion |
296 |
|
|
References |
297 |
|
|
Chapter 25: Differences in Activation Patterns of the Hamstring Muscles During Sprinting |
300 |
|
|
25.1 Introduction |
300 |
|
|
25.2 Activation Patterns of the Hamstring Muscles During Sprinting |
301 |
|
|
25.2.1 Function of the Hamstring Muscles During Sprinting |
301 |
|
|
25.2.2 Activation Characteristics of the Lateral Versus. Medial Hamstring Muscles During Sprinting |
302 |
|
|
25.2.3 Changes in the Activity of the Hamstring Muscles with Increasing Running Speed |
305 |
|
|
25.3 Insight into the Mechanism of Hamstring Strain Injuries During Sprinting |
306 |
|
|
25.3.1 Mechanism of Hamstring Strain Injuries During Sprinting |
306 |
|
|
25.3.2 Relation to the Location of the Hamstring Strain Injury |
306 |
|
|
25.4 Conclusion |
308 |
|
|
References |
308 |
|
|
Chapter 26: The Relationship Between Eccentric Exercise and Muscle Damage in Hamstring Muscles |
311 |
|
|
26.1 Introduction |
311 |
|
|
26.2 Activation Patterns of Hamstring Muscles During Eccentric Knee Flexion Exercises and the Differences in the Damage After Exercise |
313 |
|
|
26.3 Activation Patterns of Hamstring Muscles During Eccentric Hip Extension Exercises and Differences in the Damage After Exercise |
320 |
|
|
References |
325 |
|
|
Chapter 27: Risk Factors and Prevention of Hamstring Strain |
327 |
|
|
27.1 Introduction |
327 |
|
|
27.2 Risk Factors |
328 |
|
|
27.2.1 Anatomy |
328 |
|
|
27.2.2 Hamstring Muscle Strength |
328 |
|
|
27.2.3 Fatigue |
329 |
|
|
27.2.4 Flexibility |
330 |
|
|
27.2.5 Age |
330 |
|
|
27.2.6 Previous Injury |
331 |
|
|
27.3 Prevention |
331 |
|
|
27.4 Conclusion |
332 |
|
|
References |
332 |
|
|
Part VI: Function in Arches of the Feet and Occurrence Mechanisms of Foot Disorders, Characteristics, and Their Prevention |
335 |
|
|
Chapter 28: Kinematics of the Foot and Ankle |
336 |
|
|
28.1 Introduction |
336 |
|
|
28.2 Foot Kinematics |
337 |
|
|
28.3 Ankle Kinematics |
342 |
|
|
References |
343 |
|
|
Chapter 29: Biomechanical Analysis of the Effects of Footwear |
345 |
|
|
29.1 Introduction |
345 |
|
|
29.2 Changes in Lower Extremity Kinematics During Running |
345 |
|
|
29.2.1 A New Approach for Analyzing Foot and Ankle Kinematics with Footwear |
347 |
|
|
29.2.2 Foot Arch |
348 |
|
|
29.2.3 Talocrural and Subtalar Joints |
350 |
|
|
References |
351 |
|
|
Chapter 30: Risk Factors and Mechanisms of Fifth Metatarsal Stress Fracture |
352 |
|
|
30.1 Introduction |
352 |
|
|
30.2 Anatomy |
353 |
|
|
30.3 Blood Supply |
353 |
|
|
30.4 Classification, Mechanism, and Treatment |
353 |
|
|
30.4.1 Tuberosity Avulsion Fracture (Zone I) |
353 |
|
|
30.4.2 Jones Fracture (Zone II) |
354 |
|
|
30.4.3 Proximal Diaphyseal Stress Fracture (Zone III) |
355 |
|
|
30.5 Risk Factors |
356 |
|
|
30.6 The Stress on the Lateral Part of the Foot |
358 |
|
|
References |
358 |
|
|
Part VII: Lumbar Disorder and an Approach for Its Prevention |
361 |
|
|
Chapter 31: Low Back Disorders Among Athletes and Its Prevention |
362 |
|
|
31.1 Introduction |
362 |
|
|
31.2 The Pathomechanisms of LBP (Fig. 31.1) |
363 |
|
|
31.2.1 Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Disorders/Disc Herniation |
364 |
|
|
31.2.2 Extension Type Low Back Disorders |
364 |
|
|
31.2.3 Disorders of Muscle, Fascia, and Muscle Insertion |
366 |
|
|
31.2.4 Sacroiliac Joint Disorders |
366 |
|
|
31.3 Treatment and Prevention |
367 |
|
|
References |
369 |
|
|
Chapter 32: The Epidemiology of Low Back Disorders in Athletes |
370 |
|
|
32.1 Introduction |
370 |
|
|
32.2 The Relationships Between Sports Activities and Low Back Disorders |
371 |
|
|
32.3 Low Back Disorders of Top Athletes |
372 |
|
|
32.4 The Relationships Between Type of Sport, Position, and Low Back Disorders |
373 |
|
|
32.5 Conclusions |
376 |
|
|
References |
376 |
|
|
Chapter 33: The Prevention of Low Back Disorders in Divers |
378 |
|
|
33.1 Introduction |
378 |
|
|
33.2 Second Section: The LBP Incidence Rate in Japanese Elite Junior Divers (First Step) |
379 |
|
|
33.2.1 Site of Pain in Training Camp |
379 |
|
|
33.2.2 Dimension of LBP |
379 |
|
|
33.2.3 Direction of Motion with LBP |
381 |
|
|
33.2.4 The Occurrence Situation of LBP |
381 |
|
|
33.3 Third Section: Critical Factors for the Prevention of Low Back Pain in Elite Junior Divers (Second Step) |
381 |
|
|
33.3.1 Comparison of the LBP and No-LBP Groups |
382 |
|
|
33.3.2 Factors Associated with LBP |
384 |
|
|
33.3.3 Summary |
385 |
|
|
33.4 Fourth Section: Entry Phase Alignment in Men’s Backward Dive Pike (201B) from 3 m Springboard Dives (Second Step) |
385 |
|
|
33.4.1 Shoulder Joint Angle and Trunk Angle at the Entry Phase |
386 |
|
|
33.4.2 Comparison of Each Angle at the Entry Phase in the LBP Group and No-LBP Group |
387 |
|
|
33.4.3 Summary |
387 |
|
|
References |
388 |
|
|
Chapter 34: Electromyographic Analysis of Deep Trunk Muscles During Sports Activities |
389 |
|
|
34.1 Introduction |
389 |
|
|
34.2 Intramuscular EMG Setup |
390 |
|
|
34.3 EMG Analysis of Trunk Mucles During Lumbar Stabilization Exercises |
391 |
|
|
34.3.1 The Activity of the Trunk Muscles During Various Lumbar Stabilization Exercises |
391 |
|
|
34.3.2 Changes in Trunk Muscle Activity by Lifting of the Extremities During Lumbar Stabilization Exercise |
394 |
|
|
34.3.3 Trunk Muscle Activity During Lumbar Stabilization Exercises on Stable and Unstable Surfaces |
394 |
|
|
34.4 EMG Analysis of Trunk Muscles During Sports Activities |
396 |
|
|
34.4.1 Abdominal Muscle Activity During Jumping |
396 |
|
|
34.4.2 Abdominal Muscle Activity During Volleyball Block Jump |
396 |
|
|
34.4.3 Trunk Muscle Activity During a Handstand Posture |
398 |
|
|
References |
398 |
|
|
Index |
400 |
|