Front Cover	1
	Exercise, Sport, and Bioanalytical Chemistry	4
	Copyright Page	5
	Dedication	6
	Contents	8
	Foreword	12
	Preface	14
	Acknowledgments	16
	I. Introduction: Basics and Background	18
	1 Energy and Energy Metabolism	20
	Energy	20
	Energy Transformation	20
	Chemical Energy of the Body	21
	Enzymes	21
	Energy Consumption	22
	Energy Transformation in Exercise	22
	References	27
	2 Energy Metabolism of Macronutrients During Exercise	28
	Overview of Metabolic Energy Pathways	28
	Carbohydrate Metabolic Pathways	28
	Nutrients into Glucose	28
	Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain	30
	Lipid Metabolic Pathways	32
	Protein Metabolism Pathways	33
	Transamination and Oxidative Deamination	35
	BCAA and Glucose Cycles	36
	Bioenergetics	36
	References	39
	3 Regulation of Energy Metabolism During Exercise	40
	Overview of Control Systems	40
	Central Mechanisms—Neuroendocrine	41
	The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)	41
	Does the Brain Really Control Everything?	44
	Peripheral Mechanisms—Internal Milieu and Allosteric Modulation	44
	Running Out of Energy	45
	References	47
	II. Applications: Knowledge into Practice	48
	4 Measurement Techniques for Energy Expenditure	50
	Historical Background	50
	Laboratory Based	50
	Direct Calorimetry	50
	Indirect Calorimetry	51
	Oxygen Uptake	52
	Gas Concentration Measurement	52
	Doubly Labeled Water (DLW) Technique Using Stable Isotopes	54
	Field Based	54
	Calculation Formulas	54
	Physical Activity Questionnaires	55
	Activity Monitors	56
	Heart Rate Monitors	56
	Motion Sensors	56
	Limitations and Errors in Measurements and Estimations	57
	References	59
	5 Energy Expenditure at Rest and During Various Types of Physical Activity	60
	Energy Expenditure and Utilization Concepts	60
	Metabolic Rate in the Resting State	60
	Metabolic Rate During Ordinary Living Activities and During Exercise	62
	Thermic Effect of Food	62
	Examples of Energy Expenditure During Various Activities	63
	Estimation of Exercise Energy Expenditure: Metabolic Calculations and Formulas	64
	Factors Influencing RMR Energy Expenditure	65
	Age	65
	Gender	66
	Obesity	66
	Miscellaneous	67
	References	68
	6 Energy Storage, Expenditure, and Utilization: Components and Influencing Factors	70
	Energy Balance Equation	70
	Effect of Physical Activity on the EBE	72
	Effect on EI	72
	Effect on EO	73
	Exercise Intensity and Substrate Utilization	73
	The Crossover Concept and Exercise Energy Metabolism	74
	Implications of the Crossover Concept	75
	Limitation of Exercise Alone in Achieving Negative Energy Balance	77
	Environmental Influences on Energy Expenditure: Geography and Climate Matter	77
	References	80
	7 Exercise Training and Metabolic Adaptation	82
	Exercise Training Principles	82
	Exercise Training Adaptation	83
	Aerobic Training	84
	Cellular — Tissue Adaptations	85
	Changes in Substrate Utilization	88
	Anaerobic and Resistance Training	90
	Cellular — Tissue Adaptations	92
	Changes in Substrate Utilization	93
	Mechanisms of Muscular Fatigue	94
	References	98
	8 Pharmacologic and Nutritional Substances to Enhance Performance or Produce Weight Loss	100
	Adaptogenic Herbs	100
	Amino Acids	101
	Anabolic Steroids	102
	Caffeine	103
	Ephedrine	104
	Erythropoietin—Blood Doping	105
	Levothyroxine	106
	Metreleptin	107
	Sibutramine	108
	Vitamins and Minerals	108
	World Anti-Doping Agency Testing Program	110
	References	112
	9 Bottom Line: Why Should I Exercise?	114
	What to Expect When Everything Goes Right	114
	What to Expect When Everything Goes Wrong	116
	Injuries and the Recovery Process	116
	Soft-Tissue Injuries	117
	Other Injuries	119
	Prevention: Tips for Success	121
	References	123
	10 Future Scientific Research in Exercise and Sport and the Role of Bioanalytical Chemistry	124
	Analytical Technology Advances	124
	Future Trends and Research Priorities	126
	What Are the Health Challenges of Tomorrow?	127
	Conclusion	127
	References	129
	Index	130
	Back Cover	137