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Preface |
6 |
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Contents |
8 |
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About the Author |
11 |
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Chapter 1: Methodology as Foundation for Discovery |
12 |
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The Goal: Search for Universal Principles |
13 |
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The “Blind Spots” in Psychological Epistemology |
14 |
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A Methodological Need: Preserving the Whole |
16 |
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Basic Axiomatics for Human Psychology |
16 |
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The Principle of Parsimony |
18 |
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Chapter 2: General Epistemology of Open Systems |
20 |
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Organisms Exist Only as Open Systems |
21 |
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Making Sense of Living Organisms Without Vitalist Assumptions |
23 |
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The Borrowed Concept—Equifinality |
24 |
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The Steady State (Fliessgleichgewicht) |
24 |
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General Idea of Development: Hierarchical Reorganization in Time |
25 |
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What Would Be Different in Open-System Methodology |
27 |
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The Meaning of Objectivity |
29 |
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The Meaning of “the Data” |
30 |
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Conclusion: What Is Needed for Methodology? |
30 |
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Chapter 3: Methodology in the New Key: The Methodology Cycle |
31 |
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The Role of Intuition in Science |
38 |
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Chapter 4: Frames of Reference |
41 |
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Summary: Psychology Has Been Using Inadequate Reference Frames |
46 |
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The Individual-Ecological Reference Frame |
46 |
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The Individual-Socioecological Reference Frame |
47 |
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Example: The SELF as an Open System (elaborating George Herbert Mead) |
48 |
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Conclusion: Needed—Consistency Between Basic Assumptions and Reference Frames |
49 |
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Chapter 5: The Role of Methods in the Methodology Cycle |
50 |
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Studying Personality: Relocating Focus from Responses to Responding Processes |
50 |
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Taking a Dynamic View on Seemingly Static Methods: What Is a “Personality Test” Item? |
51 |
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Conditional-Genetic Analysis |
55 |
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Methods of Re- and Pre-construction (Post-factum and Pre-factum) |
57 |
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How Do We Cover the Four Infinities? |
57 |
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Method Construction in Open-Systemic World: Exploring Relations Between Infinities |
58 |
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Externalizing the Flow of Thinking: “Thinking Aloud” and “Walking Along” |
60 |
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The Trajectory Equifinality Approach (TEA/TEM) |
63 |
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Conclusion: Methodology as Movement |
66 |
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Chapter 6: Introspection as the Basic Method in Psychological Science |
67 |
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Methods Capitalizing on Process Orientation |
67 |
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Introspection as a Method to Link Proactive and Retroactive Movements |
69 |
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Rating Scales: Trivialized Introspection |
70 |
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Conclusion: Why Is Introspection the Central Method for Psychology? |
72 |
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Chapter 7: Methods of Extrospection: Interview, Questionnaire, Experiment |
73 |
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Three Techniques in Extrospection: Interview, Questionnaire, Experiment |
73 |
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Intention to Enter into Research Relation: “Contacting Participants” |
74 |
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Interview as a Method: Coordinating Perspectives |
75 |
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Interview Delegated to Fixed Messages: A Questionnaire |
76 |
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Experiment as Guided Observation |
77 |
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Process-Focused Methods: Utilizing the Guidance of the Mind |
82 |
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Reconstructive Memory and Conversational Reconstruction Techniques |
83 |
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Directing the Extrospective Process: Story Completion Methods |
85 |
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Conclusion: From Outcome-Focused to Process-Analytic Methods |
87 |
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Chapter 8: Generalization from Single Instances |
88 |
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The Base: Generalization Through Abduction |
89 |
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Fictional Characters as Data |
90 |
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The Real Nature of Fictions |
91 |
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Chapter 9: General Conclusion: Research as Knowledge-Constrained Semiosis |
93 |
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Scientific Knowledge as Strategically Constrained Semiosis |
94 |
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Research as Knowledge-Constrained and Knowledge-Constraining Activity |
95 |
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References |
96 |
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Commentary 1 Throwing the Baby Out with the Bathwater: How Decontextualized Research Obscures the Very Phenomena They Aim to Study |
102 |
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An Example |
102 |
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The “Magic” of Measurement |
104 |
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Images of Reality |
105 |
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Dynamic Process Methodology |
107 |
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The Science of Single Cases |
108 |
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References |
109 |
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Commentary 2 Toward a Renewal of Methodology – The Contribution of Psychoanalysis |
110 |
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1 |
110 |
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2 |
111 |
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3 |
113 |
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4 |
114 |
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5 |
115 |
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6 |
116 |
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References |
116 |
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Index |
118 |
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