|
Preface |
7 |
|
|
Acknowledgments |
9 |
|
|
Contents |
10 |
|
|
List of Contributors |
13 |
|
|
Part I: Adaptive Sports Medicine: History, Technology and Biomechanics |
17 |
|
|
1: History of Adaptive and Disabled Rights within Society, Thus Creating the Fertile Soil to Grow, Adaptive Sports |
18 |
|
|
History of Adaptive Sports and Disabled Rights Movement |
18 |
|
|
Before It All: When Disability Was Criminal |
18 |
|
|
Early Wars and the Advance of Disabled Rights |
19 |
|
|
The Great Depression and Disabled Rights |
21 |
|
|
WWII: German Atrocities and Post-War Benefits for Disabled Veterans |
21 |
|
|
1960s: Women’s Rights Movement, Civil Rights Movement, and Disabled Rights Movements |
23 |
|
|
Rights to Education |
24 |
|
|
The Development of Organized Adaptive Sports: Many Paths Toward the Same Goal |
26 |
|
|
Physical Activity for Rehabilitation |
26 |
|
|
Evolution of Sports from Recreational to Competitive: The Development of Paralympics |
28 |
|
|
Disabled Sport USA, Becoming the Largest Organization in the United States, from Humble Beginnings |
30 |
|
|
Leveling the Playing Field: Adaptive Athletes in Able-Bodied Events |
31 |
|
|
Conclusion: The Future of Adaptive Sports |
32 |
|
|
References |
32 |
|
|
2: Wheelchair Sports Technology and Biomechanics |
35 |
|
|
Introduction: The Role of Technology in Wheelchair Sports |
35 |
|
|
Brief History of Wheelchair Sports Technology |
36 |
|
|
Importance of Seating for Sports Wheelchairs |
37 |
|
|
Wheelchair Slalom |
38 |
|
|
Wheelchair Basketball |
39 |
|
|
Wheelchair Rugby |
41 |
|
|
Wheelchair Softball |
41 |
|
|
Wheelchair Racing |
43 |
|
|
Handcycling |
45 |
|
|
References |
48 |
|
|
3: Technology and Biomechanics of Adaptive Sports Prostheses |
49 |
|
|
Introduction |
49 |
|
|
Benefits to Participating in Adaptive Sports for Persons with a Limb Deficiency |
49 |
|
|
Advances in Sports Prosthetics |
50 |
|
|
General Use Versus Sports Prosthesis: Principles of Design for Prostheses |
50 |
|
|
Standard General Use or Utility Prosthesis |
50 |
|
|
Sport-Specific Prosthesis |
51 |
|
|
Prosthetic Design Alignment and Componentry |
51 |
|
|
General Alignment for Sports Prostheses |
51 |
|
|
Biomechanics and Force Reduction in Sports Prostheses |
52 |
|
|
Considerations for Various Sport-Specific Prostheses |
53 |
|
|
Running Prosthesis |
53 |
|
|
Transtibial Running Prostheses |
53 |
|
|
Transfemoral Running Prostheses |
53 |
|
|
Adaptive Cycling Prostheses |
54 |
|
|
Adaptive Golfing Prostheses |
55 |
|
|
Winter Sports Adaptive Equipment |
55 |
|
|
Adaptive Alpine (Downhill) Skiing Equipment |
55 |
|
|
Adaptive Nordic (Cross-Country) Skiing Equipment |
56 |
|
|
Adaptive Snowboarding Prostheses |
57 |
|
|
Water Sports |
57 |
|
|
Adaptive Swimming Prostheses |
57 |
|
|
Adaptive Kayaking Prostheses |
58 |
|
|
Adaptive Rock Climbing Prostheses |
58 |
|
|
Hiking Prostheses |
58 |
|
|
Energy Cost of Ambulation |
59 |
|
|
Controversies |
59 |
|
|
References |
60 |
|
|
Part II: Medical Considerations in Adaptive Sports Medicine |
62 |
|
|
4: Review of Injury Epidemiology in Paralympic Sports |
63 |
|
|
Introduction |
63 |
|
|
Evolution of Paralympic Sports |
63 |
|
|
Definition of Injury |
64 |
|
|
Review of the Literature |
64 |
|
|
Anatomic Location of Injury |
65 |
|
|
Winter Sports |
65 |
|
|
Summer Sports |
65 |
|
|
Type of Injury |
66 |
|
|
Acute vs. Chronic |
66 |
|
|
Diagnosis |
67 |
|
|
Rate of Injury |
67 |
|
|
Winter Sports |
67 |
|
|
Summer Sports |
68 |
|
|
Discussion |
68 |
|
|
References |
69 |
|
|
5: Medical Considerations in Adaptive Sports |
71 |
|
|
Pre-participation Physical Examination |
71 |
|
|
Medical Complications |
73 |
|
|
Spinal Cord Injuries |
73 |
|
|
General (Thermoregulation) |
73 |
|
|
Dermatologic |
73 |
|
|
Nervous System |
73 |
|
|
Musculoskeletal |
74 |
|
|
Visceral |
75 |
|
|
Limb-Deficient Athletes |
75 |
|
|
General |
75 |
|
|
Dermatologic |
75 |
|
|
Nervous System |
76 |
|
|
Musculoskeletal |
76 |
|
|
Cerebral Palsy (CP) |
76 |
|
|
Dermatologic |
76 |
|
|
Nervous System |
77 |
|
|
Cardiovascular |
77 |
|
|
Musculoskeletal |
77 |
|
|
Medications |
77 |
|
|
Visually Impaired |
78 |
|
|
Musculoskeletal |
78 |
|
|
Intellectually Disabled Athletes |
78 |
|
|
General (Thermoregulation) |
78 |
|
|
Nervous System |
78 |
|
|
Cardiovascular |
79 |
|
|
Musculoskeletal |
79 |
|
|
Medications |
79 |
|
|
Les Autres |
79 |
|
|
Injury Prevention and Treatment |
79 |
|
|
Environmental Illness |
80 |
|
|
References |
80 |
|
|
6: Emergent Care of the Adaptive Athlete |
82 |
|
|
Introduction |
82 |
|
|
Emergency Department Care |
82 |
|
|
Airway |
83 |
|
|
Breathing (Respiratory) |
85 |
|
|
Circulation |
86 |
|
|
Disability |
87 |
|
|
References |
88 |
|
|
7: Surgical Considerations in the Adaptive Athlete |
89 |
|
|
Introduction |
89 |
|
|
Surgical Outcomes |
89 |
|
|
Introduction |
89 |
|
|
Outcome Scores |
91 |
|
|
Outcomes |
91 |
|
|
Arthroplasty |
91 |
|
|
Rotator Cuff Repair |
92 |
|
|
References |
94 |
|
|
8: Rehabilitation of the Adaptive Athlete |
96 |
|
|
Introduction |
96 |
|
|
The Progression of the Adaptive Games to Present |
96 |
|
|
Major Contributors to the Movement |
97 |
|
|
The Benefits of Exercise and Competition for Adaptive Athletes |
97 |
|
|
Types of Disabilities Involved |
97 |
|
|
Rehabilitation and Care for Disabled Athletes |
98 |
|
|
References |
99 |
|
|
Part III: Adaptive Sports |
100 |
|
|
9: Adaptive Running |
101 |
|
|
Introduction/History |
101 |
|
|
Disability Groups |
102 |
|
|
Classification |
102 |
|
|
Equipment |
103 |
|
|
Prostheses for Amputee Athletes |
103 |
|
|
Racing Wheelchairs |
104 |
|
|
Wheelchair Propulsion Techniques |
105 |
|
|
Injuries and Injury Prevention |
106 |
|
|
Special Considerations |
107 |
|
|
Autonomic Dysreflexia/“Boosting” |
107 |
|
|
Impaired Thermoregulation |
109 |
|
|
References |
109 |
|
|
10: Adaptive Cycling |
111 |
|
|
Introduction |
111 |
|
|
The Adaptive Sports Cycle and Wheelchair |
111 |
|
|
Adaptive Cycling History and as a Paralympic Sport |
111 |
|
|
Adaptive Cycle Design and Technology |
113 |
|
|
Prosthetic Design and Technology for Limb Deficient Adaptive Cyclists |
114 |
|
|
Sports Wheelchair Technology |
115 |
|
|
Injuries and Medical Concerns |
116 |
|
|
Autonomic Syndromes, Environment, and Boosting |
116 |
|
|
Musculoskeletal, Neurologic, and Pain Syndromes |
116 |
|
|
Gastrointestinal/Genitourinary |
117 |
|
|
Cardiopulmonary |
117 |
|
|
Dermatologic and Skin Conditions |
118 |
|
|
Endocrine |
118 |
|
|
Psychological Factors |
118 |
|
|
References |
119 |
|
|
11: Adaptive Golf: History, Rules and Equipment Modifications, and Sport-Specific Injuries |
120 |
|
|
The Game of Golf: A Brief History |
120 |
|
|
Adaptive Golf: Legislation and Community Perception |
121 |
|
|
Adaptive Golf: Clubs and Events |
121 |
|
|
The National Amputee Golf Association [13] |
122 |
|
|
The National Alliance for Accessible Golf [14] |
122 |
|
|
The Adaptive Golf Association [15] |
122 |
|
|
Training and Lead-Up Activities |
122 |
|
|
Rules/Modifications of the Game |
122 |
|
|
Blind Golfers [19] |
123 |
|
|
Amputee Golfers [20] |
123 |
|
|
Golfers Requiring Canes or Crutches [21] |
123 |
|
|
Golfers Requiring Wheelchairs [22] |
123 |
|
|
Golfers with Intellectual Disabilities [23] |
123 |
|
|
Adaptive Equipment |
124 |
|
|
Golfers with Loss of Upper Limb Function [24] |
124 |
|
|
Golfers with Loss of Lower Limb Function [24] |
124 |
|
|
Miscellaneous |
125 |
|
|
Golf Injuries and Rehabilitation |
125 |
|
|
Low Back Injury |
125 |
|
|
Shoulder Injuries |
126 |
|
|
Elbow, Wrist and Hand Injuries |
126 |
|
|
Lower Limb Injuries |
127 |
|
|
Head and Neck Injuries |
127 |
|
|
Conclusion/Summary |
127 |
|
|
References |
127 |
|
|
12: Wheelchair Basketball |
130 |
|
|
Introduction |
130 |
|
|
Disability Groups and Classifications |
130 |
|
|
Equipment |
132 |
|
|
Medical Conditions and Injuries |
134 |
|
|
Musculoskeletal Injuries |
134 |
|
|
Nerve Injuries |
136 |
|
|
Spasticity |
137 |
|
|
Endocrine |
137 |
|
|
Cardiovascular |
138 |
|
|
References |
140 |
|
|
13: Wheelchair Rugby |
142 |
|
|
Introduction to the Sport |
142 |
|
|
History |
142 |
|
|
Who Plays It (Spinal Cord Injury) |
144 |
|
|
Rules of the Sport |
146 |
|
|
Equipment (Modified Wheelchairs) |
148 |
|
|
Common Injuries |
149 |
|
|
Musculoskeletal Injuries |
150 |
|
|
Peripheral Nerve Entrapment |
150 |
|
|
Thermoregulation |
150 |
|
|
Pressure Ulcers |
151 |
|
|
Spasticity |
151 |
|
|
Neurogenic Bowel and Bladder |
151 |
|
|
Heterotropic Ossification |
152 |
|
|
Autonomic Dysreflexia |
152 |
|
|
References |
153 |
|
|
14: Power (Wheelchair) Soccer |
155 |
|
|
Introduction [1] |
155 |
|
|
Basics of Competition [5, 6] |
156 |
|
|
Field of Play (Fig. 14.1) |
156 |
|
|
Dimensions |
156 |
|
|
Surface |
156 |
|
|
Equipment |
156 |
|
|
Ball |
157 |
|
|
Adapted Power Wheelchair |
157 |
|
|
Power Wheelchair Biomechanics |
159 |
|
|
Match |
159 |
|
|
Game Play |
159 |
|
|
Scoring |
159 |
|
|
Officiating: Referee ± Assistants [11] |
160 |
|
|
Fouls |
161 |
|
|
Classifications [3] |
161 |
|
|
Injury Epidemiology |
161 |
|
|
Injury Prevention |
161 |
|
|
Benefits of Participation |
162 |
|
|
Barriers to Participation |
162 |
|
|
Special Considerations [31] |
163 |
|
|
Summary |
163 |
|
|
Bibliography |
164 |
|
|
References |
164 |
|
|
15: Wheelchair Softball |
166 |
|
|
Classification Process for Wheelchair Softball Athletes |
166 |
|
|
Rules and Regulations of the Game |
167 |
|
|
Field Setup |
167 |
|
|
Rules of Play |
168 |
|
|
Equipment |
169 |
|
|
Biomechanics |
169 |
|
|
Injuries and Injury Prevention |
170 |
|
|
Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) and Facial Injuries |
171 |
|
|
Shoulder Injuries: Rotator Cuff, Labrum, Impingement, Scapular Dyskinesis |
172 |
|
|
Elbow Injuries |
172 |
|
|
Wrist and Hand Injuries |
172 |
|
|
Lower Extremity Injuries |
173 |
|
|
Skin and Other Soft Tissue Injuries |
173 |
|
|
Appendix |
173 |
|
|
Muscle Strength Grades |
173 |
|
|
References |
173 |
|
|
16: Wheelchair Dance Sport |
176 |
|
|
Introduction |
176 |
|
|
Rules and Regulations |
176 |
|
|
Rules of WDS |
177 |
|
|
General Rules |
177 |
|
|
Movements/Lifts |
177 |
|
|
Time Requirements |
177 |
|
|
Judging |
177 |
|
|
Classification Process for Wheelchair Dance Sport Athletes |
177 |
|
|
Equipment |
178 |
|
|
Wheelchairs |
178 |
|
|
Dance Floor |
178 |
|
|
Biomechanics |
179 |
|
|
Common Injuries and Injury Prevention |
179 |
|
|
Common Wheelchair Athlete Injuries |
180 |
|
|
Upper Limb Injuries |
180 |
|
|
Spine Injuries |
180 |
|
|
Soft Tissue Injuries |
180 |
|
|
Lower Extremity Injuries |
180 |
|
|
Injury Prevention for Wheelchair Sports (General) |
181 |
|
|
Able-Bodied Dance Sport Injuries |
181 |
|
|
Injury Prevention in WDS |
182 |
|
|
Summary |
182 |
|
|
Appendix |
182 |
|
|
Modified Ashworth Scale [1] |
182 |
|
|
Daniels and Worthingham Scale [2] |
182 |
|
|
References |
183 |
|
|
17: Wheelchair Fencing |
185 |
|
|
Introduction |
185 |
|
|
Rules and Regulations |
185 |
|
|
Common Competition Rules |
185 |
|
|
Holding the Weapon |
186 |
|
|
On Guard: Beginning, Stopping, and Restarting a Bout |
186 |
|
|
Lifting from the Chair and Balance |
187 |
|
|
Stoppage: Wheelchair Damage and Injuries |
187 |
|
|
Field of Play |
187 |
|
|
Equipment |
187 |
|
|
Wheelchair |
187 |
|
|
Weapons |
188 |
|
|
Classification Process for Wheelchair Fencing |
188 |
|
|
Biomechanics |
189 |
|
|
Common Injuries and Injury Prevention |
190 |
|
|
Common Wheelchair Athlete Injuries |
190 |
|
|
Upper Limb Injuries |
190 |
|
|
Spine Injuries |
190 |
|
|
Soft Tissue Injuries |
191 |
|
|
Lower Extremity Injuries |
191 |
|
|
Common Wheelchair Fencing Injuries |
191 |
|
|
Able-Bodied Fencing Injuries |
191 |
|
|
Injury Prevention in Wheelchair Fencing |
191 |
|
|
Injury Prevention for Wheelchair Sports (General) |
191 |
|
|
References |
192 |
|
|
18: Wheelchair Curling |
194 |
|
|
Introduction |
194 |
|
|
Equipment |
194 |
|
|
The Sheet |
194 |
|
|
Stones |
194 |
|
|
Wheelchair |
196 |
|
|
Rules and Regulations |
196 |
|
|
General Rules |
196 |
|
|
The Injured Player |
196 |
|
|
Wheelchair Setup (Picture 18.3) |
196 |
|
|
Wheelchair Anchoring |
197 |
|
|
Classification Process for Wheelchair Curling Athletes |
197 |
|
|
Biomechanics |
198 |
|
|
Common Injuries and Injury Prevention |
198 |
|
|
Common Wheelchair Athlete Injuries |
198 |
|
|
Upper Limb Injuries |
198 |
|
|
Spine Injuries |
199 |
|
|
Soft Tissue Injuries |
200 |
|
|
Lower Extremity Injuries |
200 |
|
|
Wheelchair Curling Injuries |
200 |
|
|
Able-Bodied Curling Injuries |
200 |
|
|
Injury Prevention in Wheelchair Curling |
200 |
|
|
Injury Prevention for Wheelchair Sports (General) |
201 |
|
|
Summary |
201 |
|
|
Appendix |
202 |
|
|
Oxford Scale [33] |
202 |
|
|
Ashworth Scale [34] |
202 |
|
|
References |
202 |
|
|
19: Wheelchair Tennis and Para-table Tennis |
204 |
|
|
Wheelchair Tennis: Introduction |
204 |
|
|
Rules and Regulations |
204 |
|
|
Court Setup |
204 |
|
|
Classification Process of Wheelchair Tennis Athletes |
204 |
|
|
Quad Division Criteria |
205 |
|
|
Rules of Play |
206 |
|
|
General Rules |
206 |
|
|
Serves |
206 |
|
|
Plays |
206 |
|
|
Scoring: Game, Set, Match |
206 |
|
|
Important Medical Rules |
206 |
|
|
Equipment |
207 |
|
|
Wheelchair |
207 |
|
|
Racquet and Ball |
207 |
|
|
Biomechanics |
207 |
|
|
Common Injuries and Injury Prevention |
208 |
|
|
Common Wheelchair Athlete Injuries |
208 |
|
|
Upper Limb Injuries |
208 |
|
|
Spine Injuries |
209 |
|
|
Soft Tissue Injuries |
209 |
|
|
Lower Extremity Injuries |
209 |
|
|
Wheelchair Tennis Injuries |
209 |
|
|
Able-Bodied Tennis Injuries |
210 |
|
|
Injury Prevention in Wheelchair Tennis Players |
210 |
|
|
Injury Prevention for Wheelchair Sports (General) |
210 |
|
|
Summary |
211 |
|
|
Para-table Tennis: Introduction |
211 |
|
|
Rules and Regulations |
212 |
|
|
Court Setup |
212 |
|
|
Classification of Para-table Tennis Players |
212 |
|
|
Rules of Play |
214 |
|
|
General Overview of Terms [56] |
214 |
|
|
General Rules |
214 |
|
|
Points |
214 |
|
|
Equipment |
214 |
|
|
Ball and Racquet |
214 |
|
|
Wheelchair |
215 |
|
|
Biomechanics |
215 |
|
|
Common Injuries and Injury Prevention |
216 |
|
|
Common Wheelchair Athlete Injuries |
216 |
|
|
Upper Limb Injuries |
216 |
|
|
Spine Injuries |
217 |
|
|
Soft Tissue Injuries |
217 |
|
|
Lower Extremity Injuries |
217 |
|
|
Para-table Tennis Injuries |
217 |
|
|
Able-Bodied Table Tennis Injuries |
217 |
|
|
Injury Prevention in Para-table Tennis |
217 |
|
|
Injury Prevention for Wheelchair Sports (General) |
218 |
|
|
Summary |
218 |
|
|
References |
219 |
|
|
20: Adaptive Volleyball |
221 |
|
|
Introduction to the Sport and Game Characteristics |
221 |
|
|
Eligible Players/Classification |
222 |
|
|
Rules [7] |
222 |
|
|
Special Positions [7] |
222 |
|
|
Coach |
222 |
|
|
Assistant Coach |
224 |
|
|
Team Leader (Captain) |
224 |
|
|
Libero |
224 |
|
|
Equipment [7] |
224 |
|
|
Playing Area |
224 |
|
|
Playing Surface |
225 |
|
|
Net, Posts, and Antennae |
225 |
|
|
Balls |
226 |
|
|
Players’ Equipment and Uniforms |
226 |
|
|
Change of Equipment |
226 |
|
|
Prohibited Objects |
227 |
|
|
Common Injuries |
227 |
|
|
References |
227 |
|
|
21: Adaptive Water Sports |
229 |
|
|
Introduction to Adaptive Water Sports |
229 |
|
|
Adaptive Rowing |
229 |
|
|
Background |
229 |
|
|
Classifications |
230 |
|
|
Equipment |
231 |
|
|
Adaptive Sailing |
232 |
|
|
Background |
232 |
|
|
Equipment |
233 |
|
|
Adaptive Swimming |
234 |
|
|
Background |
234 |
|
|
Equipment |
236 |
|
|
Other Adaptive Water Sports Including Recreational Sports |
238 |
|
|
Adaptive Canoeing/Kayaking |
238 |
|
|
Adaptive Water Skiing |
239 |
|
|
Common Injuries/Prevention to All Adaptive Water Sports |
241 |
|
|
Injuries in Adaptive Swimming |
242 |
|
|
Injuries in Adaptive Rowing |
243 |
|
|
Injuries in Adaptive Sailing |
244 |
|
|
Overview, Conclusions, and External Resources |
244 |
|
|
References |
244 |
|
|
22: Ice Sled Hockey (Sledge Hockey Outside the United States) |
246 |
|
|
Introduction |
246 |
|
|
Rules |
246 |
|
|
Eligibility |
246 |
|
|
Equipment |
247 |
|
|
Protective Gear |
247 |
|
|
Sled |
247 |
|
|
Sticks |
247 |
|
|
Medical Management of the Ice Sled Hockey Athlete |
247 |
|
|
Infections |
247 |
|
|
Dermatologic |
248 |
|
|
Cardiovascular |
248 |
|
|
Neuromusculoskeletal |
249 |
|
|
Discussion |
250 |
|
|
References |
250 |
|
|
23: Adaptive Alpine Skiing and Para-snowboarding |
251 |
|
|
Introduction |
251 |
|
|
References |
297 |
|
|
24: Adaptive Throwing Sports: Discus, Javelin, Shot Put, and Boccia |
300 |
|
|
Classification Overview |
300 |
|
|
Field Events: Discus, Javelin, and Shot Put |
300 |
|
|
Adaptive Discus |
301 |
|
|
Adaptive Javelin |
301 |
|
|
Adaptive Shot Put |
302 |
|
|
Boccia |
302 |
|
|
Adaptive Equipment |
304 |
|
|
Sports Medicine Overview |
304 |
|
|
Unique Medical Issues |
304 |
|
|
Injuries by Disability |
305 |
|
|
Injuries by Sport |
305 |
|
|
Discus |
306 |
|
|
Javelin |
306 |
|
|
Shot Put |
309 |
|
|
Boccia |
310 |
|
|
References |
310 |
|
|
25: Shooting Sports (Archery, Air Rifle, Trapshooting) |
312 |
|
|
Adaptive Archery |
312 |
|
|
Introduction to the Sport and the Characteristics |
312 |
|
|
Sports Governance |
312 |
|
|
Classification System |
313 |
|
|
Wheelchair and Ambulatory Sports, USA |
313 |
|
|
US Paralympic Archery |
313 |
|
|
World Archery Federation |
313 |
|
|
Rule |
314 |
|
|
Wheelchair and Ambulatory Sports, USA |
314 |
|
|
Paralympics |
314 |
|
|
Equipment |
314 |
|
|
Adaptive Equipment |
315 |
|
|
Common Injuries in Adaptive Archery |
315 |
|
|
Parashooting |
316 |
|
|
Introduction to the Sport and the Characteristics |
316 |
|
|
Sports Governance |
316 |
|
|
Competition |
316 |
|
|
Disability Groups/Classification System |
316 |
|
|
Rules |
317 |
|
|
Shooting Positions |
317 |
|
|
Rifle |
317 |
|
|
Adaptive Equipment |
318 |
|
|
IPC-Specific Equipment |
319 |
|
|
Trapshooting |
319 |
|
|
Introduction |
319 |
|
|
Classification |
319 |
|
|
Rules |
320 |
|
|
Adaptive Equipment |
320 |
|
|
Common Injuries |
320 |
|
|
References |
321 |
|
|
26: Weight Lifting in Adaptive Sport |
322 |
|
|
History of Adaptive Powerlifting Sport |
322 |
|
|
Classification |
322 |
|
|
Rules |
323 |
|
|
Adaptive Powerlifting Equipments and Apparels |
323 |
|
|
Adaptive Powerlifting Injuries |
324 |
|
|
Shoulder Injuries |
324 |
|
|
Rotator Cuff Impingement and Tear |
324 |
|
|
Glenohumeral Arthritis |
326 |
|
|
Osteolysis of the Distal Clavicle |
327 |
|
|
Pectoralis Major Rupture |
327 |
|
|
Olecranon Bursitis |
328 |
|
|
Low Back Pain |
328 |
|
|
Prevention of Adaptive Weight Lifting Injuries |
329 |
|
|
References |
329 |
|
|
27: Adaptive Combative Sports (Judo, Boxing, Wrestling, Mixed Martial Arts) |
331 |
|
|
History of Combative Sports (Introduction) |
331 |
|
|
Impairments in Combat Sports |
331 |
|
|
Classifications/Rules |
332 |
|
|
Equipment |
333 |
|
|
Role of the Physician |
335 |
|
|
Before the Match (Pre-competition Responsibilities) |
335 |
|
|
During the Match (Responsibilities During Competition) |
335 |
|
|
After the Match (Post-competition Responsibilities) |
336 |
|
|
Common Injuries and Management |
336 |
|
|
Nasal Trauma |
336 |
|
|
Epistaxis |
336 |
|
|
Nasal Septal Hematoma |
336 |
|
|
Nasal Fracture |
336 |
|
|
Eyes |
337 |
|
|
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage |
337 |
|
|
Corneal Abrasion |
337 |
|
|
Periorbital Hematoma |
337 |
|
|
Hyphema |
337 |
|
|
Retinal Detachment |
337 |
|
|
Orbital Blowout Fracture |
337 |
|
|
Facial Fractures |
338 |
|
|
Nasal Fracture |
338 |
|
|
Midface Fracture |
338 |
|
|
Mandible Fractures |
338 |
|
|
Lacerations |
338 |
|
|
Concussion |
339 |
|
|
References |
339 |
|
|
28: Adaptive Extreme Sports |
341 |
|
|
Introduction |
341 |
|
|
Adaptive Rock Climbing |
341 |
|
|
Classifications |
341 |
|
|
Styles of Climbing |
341 |
|
|
Rules of Competition |
342 |
|
|
Adaptive Equipment |
343 |
|
|
Standard Equipment |
343 |
|
|
Neurological/Physical Disability/Seated |
343 |
|
|
Limb-Deficient Athlete |
344 |
|
|
Injuries |
345 |
|
|
Injury Prevention |
346 |
|
|
Adaptive SCUBA Diving |
346 |
|
|
Certification, Rules, and Regulations |
346 |
|
|
Equipment and Technique |
347 |
|
|
Adaptive Equipment |
348 |
|
|
Limb-Deficient Divers |
348 |
|
|
Neurodisability |
348 |
|
|
Injuries |
349 |
|
|
Special Considerations for the Adaptive Diver |
351 |
|
|
References |
352 |
|
|
Part IV: Selected Topics in Adaptive Sports Medicine |
354 |
|
|
29: Adaptive Sports Event Planning |
355 |
|
|
Preplanning |
355 |
|
|
Rehearsals |
357 |
|
|
Injury Surveillance and Medical Clearance |
358 |
|
|
Liability/Medical Malpractice |
360 |
|
|
Event Coverage |
361 |
|
|
Personnel |
361 |
|
|
Medical Supplies |
362 |
|
|
After-Action Review |
364 |
|
|
References |
364 |
|
|
30: Policy and Advocacy Initiatives to Promote the Benefits of Sports Participation for Individuals with Disability |
366 |
|
|
Introduction |
366 |
|
|
Disability and Health Disparities |
366 |
|
|
Higher Rates of Obesity and Chronic Disease Among Individuals with Disability |
367 |
|
|
Individuals with Disability Engage in Less Physical Activity |
367 |
|
|
Lower Rates of Employment Among Individuals with Disability |
368 |
|
|
Factors that Influence Physical Activity and Sports Participation in Individuals with Disabilities |
368 |
|
|
Environmental Barriers and Facilitators |
369 |
|
|
Personal Barriers and Facilitators |
370 |
|
|
Social Barriers and Facilitators |
370 |
|
|
Public Health Response Aimed to Increase Physical Activity in Individuals with Disabilities |
371 |
|
|
Integration of Disability into All Mainstream Programs |
371 |
|
|
Disability-Specific Programming |
373 |
|
|
Adaptive Sports Organizations Extending Their Public Health Reach |
373 |
|
|
Relevant Policy History |
374 |
|
|
Future Considerations |
375 |
|
|
References |
377 |
|
|
31: Controversies in Adaptive Sports |
380 |
|
|
Introduction |
380 |
|
|
Doping in Adaptive Sports |
380 |
|
|
Medications |
381 |
|
|
Anabolic Steroids |
381 |
|
|
Beta-Blockers |
381 |
|
|
Beta2-Agonists |
381 |
|
|
Blood Doping |
382 |
|
|
Erythropoietin |
382 |
|
|
Boosting in Adaptive Sports |
382 |
|
|
Autonomic Dysreflexia |
382 |
|
|
Effect of Autonomic Dysfunction on Exercise Performance |
383 |
|
|
How Widespread Is the Boosting Phenomenon? |
384 |
|
|
The Positions of the Governing Bodies of Adaptive Sports |
385 |
|
|
How Effective Is the Current Method for Detecting Boosting and Preventing Adverse Events? |
385 |
|
|
Future Approaches to Detecting Boosting |
385 |
|
|
Equipment and Technology Issues |
386 |
|
|
References |
386 |
|
|
Index |
388 |
|