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Adaptive Sports Medicine - A Clinical Guide
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Adaptive Sports Medicine - A Clinical Guide
von: Arthur Jason De Luigi
Springer-Verlag, 2017
ISBN: 9783319565682
396 Seiten, Download: 20117 KB
 
Format:  PDF
geeignet für: Apple iPad, Android Tablet PC's Online-Lesen PC, MAC, Laptop

Typ: B (paralleler Zugriff)

 

 
eBook anfordern
Inhaltsverzeichnis

  Preface 7  
  Acknowledgments 9  
  Contents 10  
  List of Contributors 13  
  Part I: Adaptive Sports Medicine: History, Technology and Biomechanics 17  
     1: History of Adaptive and Disabled Rights within Society, Thus Creating the Fertile Soil to Grow, Adaptive Sports 18  
         History of Adaptive Sports and Disabled Rights Movement 18  
            Before It All: When Disability Was Criminal 18  
            Early Wars and the Advance of Disabled Rights 19  
            The Great Depression and Disabled Rights 21  
            WWII: German Atrocities and Post-­War Benefits for Disabled Veterans 21  
            1960s: Women’s Rights Movement, Civil Rights Movement, and Disabled Rights Movements 23  
            Rights to Education 24  
         The Development of Organized Adaptive Sports: Many Paths Toward the Same Goal 26  
            Physical Activity for Rehabilitation 26  
            Evolution of Sports from Recreational to Competitive: The Development of Paralympics 28  
            Disabled Sport USA, Becoming the Largest Organization in the United States, from Humble Beginnings 30  
            Leveling the Playing Field: Adaptive Athletes in Able-Bodied Events 31  
         Conclusion: The Future of Adaptive Sports 32  
        References 32  
     2: Wheelchair Sports Technology and Biomechanics 35  
         Introduction: The Role of Technology in Wheelchair Sports 35  
         Brief History of Wheelchair Sports Technology 36  
         Importance of Seating for Sports Wheelchairs 37  
            Wheelchair Slalom 38  
            Wheelchair Basketball 39  
            Wheelchair Rugby 41  
            Wheelchair Softball 41  
            Wheelchair Racing 43  
            Handcycling 45  
        References 48  
     3: Technology and Biomechanics of Adaptive Sports Prostheses 49  
         Introduction 49  
         Benefits to Participating in Adaptive Sports for Persons with a Limb Deficiency 49  
         Advances in Sports Prosthetics 50  
            General Use Versus Sports Prosthesis: Principles of Design for Prostheses 50  
               Standard General Use or Utility Prosthesis 50  
               Sport-Specific Prosthesis 51  
            Prosthetic Design Alignment and Componentry 51  
               General Alignment for Sports Prostheses 51  
               Biomechanics and Force Reduction in Sports Prostheses 52  
         Considerations for Various Sport-­Specific Prostheses 53  
            Running Prosthesis 53  
               Transtibial Running Prostheses 53  
               Transfemoral Running Prostheses 53  
            Adaptive Cycling Prostheses 54  
            Adaptive Golfing Prostheses 55  
            Winter Sports Adaptive Equipment 55  
               Adaptive Alpine (Downhill) Skiing Equipment 55  
               Adaptive Nordic (Cross-Country) Skiing Equipment 56  
               Adaptive Snowboarding Prostheses 57  
            Water Sports 57  
               Adaptive Swimming Prostheses 57  
               Adaptive Kayaking Prostheses 58  
            Adaptive Rock Climbing Prostheses 58  
            Hiking Prostheses 58  
         Energy Cost of Ambulation 59  
         Controversies 59  
        References 60  
  Part II: Medical Considerations in Adaptive Sports Medicine 62  
     4: Review of Injury Epidemiology in Paralympic Sports 63  
         Introduction 63  
            Evolution of Paralympic Sports 63  
            Definition of Injury 64  
            Review of the Literature 64  
         Anatomic Location of Injury 65  
            Winter Sports 65  
            Summer Sports 65  
         Type of Injury 66  
            Acute vs. Chronic 66  
            Diagnosis 67  
         Rate of Injury 67  
            Winter Sports 67  
            Summer Sports 68  
         Discussion 68  
        References 69  
     5: Medical Considerations in Adaptive Sports 71  
         Pre-participation Physical Examination 71  
         Medical Complications 73  
         Spinal Cord Injuries 73  
            General (Thermoregulation) 73  
            Dermatologic 73  
            Nervous System 73  
            Musculoskeletal 74  
            Visceral 75  
         Limb-Deficient Athletes 75  
            General 75  
            Dermatologic 75  
            Nervous System 76  
            Musculoskeletal 76  
         Cerebral Palsy (CP) 76  
            Dermatologic 76  
            Nervous System 77  
            Cardiovascular 77  
            Musculoskeletal 77  
            Medications 77  
            Visually Impaired 78  
            Musculoskeletal 78  
         Intellectually Disabled Athletes 78  
            General (Thermoregulation) 78  
            Nervous System 78  
            Cardiovascular 79  
            Musculoskeletal 79  
            Medications 79  
            Les Autres 79  
         Injury Prevention and Treatment 79  
         Environmental Illness 80  
        References 80  
     6: Emergent Care of the Adaptive Athlete 82  
         Introduction 82  
         Emergency Department Care 82  
         Airway 83  
         Breathing (Respiratory) 85  
         Circulation 86  
         Disability 87  
        References 88  
     7: Surgical Considerations in the Adaptive Athlete 89  
         Introduction 89  
         Surgical Outcomes 89  
            Introduction 89  
            Outcome Scores 91  
         Outcomes 91  
            Arthroplasty 91  
            Rotator Cuff Repair 92  
        References 94  
     8: Rehabilitation of the Adaptive Athlete 96  
         Introduction 96  
         The Progression of the Adaptive Games to Present 96  
         Major Contributors to the Movement 97  
         The Benefits of Exercise and Competition for Adaptive Athletes 97  
         Types of Disabilities Involved 97  
         Rehabilitation and Care for Disabled Athletes 98  
        References 99  
  Part III: Adaptive Sports 100  
     9: Adaptive Running 101  
         Introduction/History 101  
         Disability Groups 102  
         Classification 102  
         Equipment 103  
            Prostheses for Amputee Athletes 103  
            Racing Wheelchairs 104  
         Wheelchair Propulsion Techniques 105  
         Injuries and Injury Prevention 106  
            Special Considerations 107  
         Autonomic Dysreflexia/“Boosting” 107  
         Impaired Thermoregulation 109  
        References 109  
     10: Adaptive Cycling 111  
         Introduction 111  
         The Adaptive Sports Cycle and Wheelchair 111  
         Adaptive Cycling History and as a Paralympic Sport 111  
         Adaptive Cycle Design and Technology 113  
         Prosthetic Design and Technology for Limb Deficient Adaptive Cyclists 114  
         Sports Wheelchair Technology 115  
         Injuries and Medical Concerns 116  
            Autonomic Syndromes, Environment, and Boosting 116  
            Musculoskeletal, Neurologic, and Pain Syndromes 116  
            Gastrointestinal/Genitourinary 117  
            Cardiopulmonary 117  
            Dermatologic and Skin Conditions 118  
            Endocrine 118  
            Psychological Factors 118  
        References 119  
     11: Adaptive Golf: History, Rules and Equipment Modifications, and Sport-Specific Injuries 120  
         The Game of Golf: A Brief History 120  
         Adaptive Golf: Legislation and Community Perception 121  
         Adaptive Golf: Clubs and Events 121  
            The National Amputee Golf Association [13] 122  
            The National Alliance for Accessible Golf [14] 122  
            The Adaptive Golf Association [15] 122  
         Training and Lead-Up Activities 122  
         Rules/Modifications of the Game 122  
            Blind Golfers [19] 123  
            Amputee Golfers [20] 123  
            Golfers Requiring Canes or Crutches [21] 123  
            Golfers Requiring Wheelchairs [22] 123  
            Golfers with Intellectual Disabilities [23] 123  
         Adaptive Equipment 124  
            Golfers with Loss of Upper Limb Function [24] 124  
            Golfers with Loss of Lower Limb Function [24] 124  
            Miscellaneous 125  
         Golf Injuries and Rehabilitation 125  
            Low Back Injury 125  
            Shoulder Injuries 126  
            Elbow, Wrist and Hand Injuries 126  
            Lower Limb Injuries 127  
            Head and Neck Injuries 127  
         Conclusion/Summary 127  
        References 127  
     12: Wheelchair Basketball 130  
         Introduction 130  
         Disability Groups and Classifications 130  
         Equipment 132  
         Medical Conditions and Injuries 134  
            Musculoskeletal Injuries 134  
            Nerve Injuries 136  
            Spasticity 137  
            Endocrine 137  
            Cardiovascular 138  
        References 140  
     13: Wheelchair Rugby 142  
         Introduction to the Sport 142  
         History 142  
         Who Plays It (Spinal Cord Injury) 144  
         Rules of the Sport 146  
         Equipment (Modified Wheelchairs) 148  
         Common Injuries 149  
            Musculoskeletal Injuries 150  
            Peripheral Nerve Entrapment 150  
            Thermoregulation 150  
            Pressure Ulcers 151  
            Spasticity 151  
            Neurogenic Bowel and Bladder 151  
            Heterotropic Ossification 152  
            Autonomic Dysreflexia 152  
        References 153  
     14: Power (Wheelchair) Soccer 155  
         Introduction [1] 155  
         Basics of Competition [5, 6] 156  
            Field of Play (Fig. 14.1) 156  
               Dimensions 156  
               Surface 156  
            Equipment 156  
               Ball 157  
               Adapted Power Wheelchair 157  
               Power Wheelchair Biomechanics 159  
            Match 159  
            Game Play 159  
               Scoring 159  
            Officiating: Referee ± Assistants [11] 160  
            Fouls 161  
         Classifications [3] 161  
         Injury Epidemiology 161  
         Injury Prevention 161  
         Benefits of Participation 162  
         Barriers to Participation 162  
         Special Considerations [31] 163  
         Summary 163  
        Bibliography 164  
           References 164  
     15: Wheelchair Softball 166  
         Classification Process for Wheelchair Softball Athletes 166  
         Rules and Regulations of the Game 167  
            Field Setup 167  
            Rules of Play 168  
         Equipment 169  
         Biomechanics 169  
         Injuries and Injury Prevention 170  
            Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) and Facial Injuries 171  
            Shoulder Injuries: Rotator Cuff, Labrum, Impingement, Scapular Dyskinesis 172  
            Elbow Injuries 172  
            Wrist and Hand Injuries 172  
            Lower Extremity Injuries 173  
            Skin and Other Soft Tissue Injuries 173  
         Appendix 173  
         Muscle Strength Grades 173  
        References 173  
     16: Wheelchair Dance Sport 176  
         Introduction 176  
         Rules and Regulations 176  
            Rules of WDS 177  
               General Rules 177  
               Movements/Lifts 177  
               Time Requirements 177  
               Judging 177  
            Classification Process for Wheelchair Dance Sport Athletes 177  
         Equipment 178  
            Wheelchairs 178  
            Dance Floor 178  
         Biomechanics 179  
         Common Injuries and Injury Prevention 179  
            Common Wheelchair Athlete Injuries 180  
               Upper Limb Injuries 180  
               Spine Injuries 180  
               Soft Tissue Injuries 180  
               Lower Extremity Injuries 180  
            Injury Prevention for Wheelchair Sports (General) 181  
            Able-Bodied Dance Sport Injuries 181  
            Injury Prevention in WDS 182  
         Summary 182  
         Appendix 182  
            Modified Ashworth Scale [1] 182  
            Daniels and Worthingham Scale [2] 182  
        References 183  
     17: Wheelchair Fencing 185  
         Introduction 185  
         Rules and Regulations 185  
            Common Competition Rules 185  
            Holding the Weapon 186  
            On Guard: Beginning, Stopping, and Restarting a Bout 186  
            Lifting from the Chair and Balance 187  
            Stoppage: Wheelchair Damage and Injuries 187  
            Field of Play 187  
         Equipment 187  
            Wheelchair 187  
            Weapons 188  
            Classification Process for Wheelchair Fencing 188  
         Biomechanics 189  
         Common Injuries and Injury Prevention 190  
            Common Wheelchair Athlete Injuries 190  
               Upper Limb Injuries 190  
               Spine Injuries 190  
               Soft Tissue Injuries 191  
               Lower Extremity Injuries 191  
               Common Wheelchair Fencing Injuries 191  
               Able-Bodied Fencing Injuries 191  
            Injury Prevention in Wheelchair Fencing 191  
            Injury Prevention for Wheelchair Sports (General) 191  
        References 192  
     18: Wheelchair Curling 194  
         Introduction 194  
         Equipment 194  
            The Sheet 194  
            Stones 194  
            Wheelchair 196  
         Rules and Regulations 196  
            General Rules 196  
            The Injured Player 196  
            Wheelchair Setup (Picture 18.3) 196  
            Wheelchair Anchoring 197  
            Classification Process for Wheelchair Curling Athletes 197  
         Biomechanics 198  
         Common Injuries and Injury Prevention 198  
            Common Wheelchair Athlete Injuries 198  
               Upper Limb Injuries 198  
               Spine Injuries 199  
               Soft Tissue Injuries 200  
               Lower Extremity Injuries 200  
               Wheelchair Curling Injuries 200  
               Able-Bodied Curling Injuries 200  
            Injury Prevention in Wheelchair Curling 200  
            Injury Prevention for Wheelchair Sports (General) 201  
         Summary 201  
         Appendix 202  
            Oxford Scale [33] 202  
            Ashworth Scale [34] 202  
        References 202  
     19: Wheelchair Tennis and Para-table Tennis 204  
         Wheelchair Tennis: Introduction 204  
         Rules and Regulations 204  
            Court Setup 204  
            Classification Process of Wheelchair Tennis Athletes 204  
            Quad Division Criteria 205  
            Rules of Play 206  
               General Rules 206  
               Serves 206  
               Plays 206  
               Scoring: Game, Set, Match 206  
               Important Medical Rules 206  
         Equipment 207  
            Wheelchair 207  
            Racquet and Ball 207  
         Biomechanics 207  
         Common Injuries and Injury Prevention 208  
            Common Wheelchair Athlete Injuries 208  
               Upper Limb Injuries 208  
               Spine Injuries 209  
               Soft Tissue Injuries 209  
               Lower Extremity Injuries 209  
               Wheelchair Tennis Injuries 209  
               Able-Bodied Tennis Injuries 210  
            Injury Prevention in Wheelchair Tennis Players 210  
            Injury Prevention for Wheelchair Sports (General) 210  
         Summary 211  
         Para-table Tennis: Introduction 211  
         Rules and Regulations 212  
            Court Setup 212  
            Classification of Para-table Tennis Players 212  
            Rules of Play 214  
               General Overview of Terms [56] 214  
               General Rules 214  
               Points 214  
         Equipment 214  
            Ball and Racquet 214  
            Wheelchair 215  
         Biomechanics 215  
         Common Injuries and Injury Prevention 216  
            Common Wheelchair Athlete Injuries 216  
               Upper Limb Injuries 216  
               Spine Injuries 217  
               Soft Tissue Injuries 217  
               Lower Extremity Injuries 217  
               Para-table Tennis Injuries 217  
               Able-Bodied Table Tennis Injuries 217  
            Injury Prevention in Para-table Tennis 217  
            Injury Prevention for Wheelchair Sports (General) 218  
         Summary 218  
        References 219  
     20: Adaptive Volleyball 221  
         Introduction to the Sport and Game Characteristics 221  
         Eligible Players/Classification 222  
         Rules [7] 222  
         Special Positions [7] 222  
            Coach 222  
            Assistant Coach 224  
            Team Leader (Captain) 224  
            Libero 224  
         Equipment [7] 224  
            Playing Area 224  
            Playing Surface 225  
            Net, Posts, and Antennae 225  
            Balls 226  
            Players’ Equipment and Uniforms 226  
            Change of Equipment 226  
            Prohibited Objects 227  
         Common Injuries 227  
        References 227  
     21: Adaptive Water Sports 229  
         Introduction to Adaptive Water Sports 229  
         Adaptive Rowing 229  
            Background 229  
            Classifications 230  
            Equipment 231  
         Adaptive Sailing 232  
            Background 232  
            Equipment 233  
         Adaptive Swimming 234  
            Background 234  
            Equipment 236  
         Other Adaptive Water Sports Including Recreational Sports 238  
            Adaptive Canoeing/Kayaking 238  
            Adaptive Water Skiing 239  
         Common Injuries/Prevention to All Adaptive Water Sports 241  
            Injuries in Adaptive Swimming 242  
            Injuries in Adaptive Rowing 243  
            Injuries in Adaptive Sailing 244  
         Overview, Conclusions, and External Resources 244  
        References 244  
     22: Ice Sled Hockey (Sledge Hockey Outside the United States) 246  
         Introduction 246  
         Rules 246  
         Eligibility 246  
         Equipment 247  
            Protective Gear 247  
            Sled 247  
            Sticks 247  
         Medical Management of the Ice Sled Hockey Athlete 247  
            Infections 247  
            Dermatologic 248  
            Cardiovascular 248  
            Neuromusculoskeletal 249  
         Discussion 250  
        References 250  
     23: Adaptive Alpine Skiing and Para-snowboarding 251  
         Introduction 251  
        References 297  
     24: Adaptive Throwing Sports: Discus, Javelin, Shot Put, and Boccia 300  
         Classification Overview 300  
         Field Events: Discus, Javelin, and Shot Put 300  
            Adaptive Discus 301  
            Adaptive Javelin 301  
            Adaptive Shot Put 302  
         Boccia 302  
         Adaptive Equipment 304  
         Sports Medicine Overview 304  
         Unique Medical Issues 304  
         Injuries by Disability 305  
         Injuries by Sport 305  
            Discus 306  
            Javelin 306  
            Shot Put 309  
            Boccia 310  
        References 310  
     25: Shooting Sports (Archery, Air Rifle, Trapshooting) 312  
         Adaptive Archery 312  
            Introduction to the Sport and the Characteristics 312  
            Sports Governance 312  
            Classification System 313  
               Wheelchair and Ambulatory Sports, USA 313  
               US Paralympic Archery 313  
               World Archery Federation 313  
            Rule 314  
               Wheelchair and Ambulatory Sports, USA 314  
               Paralympics 314  
            Equipment 314  
            Adaptive Equipment 315  
            Common Injuries in Adaptive Archery 315  
         Parashooting 316  
            Introduction to the Sport and the Characteristics 316  
            Sports Governance 316  
            Competition 316  
            Disability Groups/Classification System 316  
            Rules 317  
            Shooting Positions 317  
               Rifle 317  
            Adaptive Equipment 318  
               IPC-Specific Equipment 319  
         Trapshooting 319  
            Introduction 319  
            Classification 319  
            Rules 320  
            Adaptive Equipment 320  
            Common Injuries 320  
        References 321  
     26: Weight Lifting in Adaptive Sport 322  
         History of Adaptive Powerlifting Sport 322  
         Classification 322  
         Rules 323  
         Adaptive Powerlifting Equipments and Apparels 323  
         Adaptive Powerlifting Injuries 324  
            Shoulder Injuries 324  
            Rotator Cuff Impingement and Tear 324  
            Glenohumeral Arthritis 326  
            Osteolysis of the Distal Clavicle 327  
            Pectoralis Major Rupture 327  
            Olecranon Bursitis 328  
            Low Back Pain 328  
         Prevention of Adaptive Weight Lifting Injuries 329  
        References 329  
     27: Adaptive Combative Sports (Judo, Boxing, Wrestling, Mixed Martial Arts) 331  
         History of Combative Sports (Introduction) 331  
         Impairments in Combat Sports 331  
         Classifications/Rules 332  
         Equipment 333  
         Role of the Physician 335  
         Before the Match (Pre-competition Responsibilities) 335  
         During the Match (Responsibilities During Competition) 335  
         After the Match (Post-competition Responsibilities) 336  
         Common Injuries and Management 336  
            Nasal Trauma 336  
               Epistaxis 336  
               Nasal Septal Hematoma 336  
               Nasal Fracture 336  
            Eyes 337  
               Subconjunctival Hemorrhage 337  
               Corneal Abrasion 337  
               Periorbital Hematoma 337  
               Hyphema 337  
               Retinal Detachment 337  
               Orbital Blowout Fracture 337  
            Facial Fractures 338  
               Nasal Fracture 338  
               Midface Fracture 338  
               Mandible Fractures 338  
            Lacerations 338  
         Concussion 339  
        References 339  
     28: Adaptive Extreme Sports 341  
         Introduction 341  
         Adaptive Rock Climbing 341  
            Classifications 341  
            Styles of Climbing 341  
            Rules of Competition 342  
            Adaptive Equipment 343  
               Standard Equipment 343  
               Neurological/Physical Disability/Seated 343  
               Limb-Deficient Athlete 344  
               Injuries 345  
            Injury Prevention 346  
         Adaptive SCUBA Diving 346  
            Certification, Rules, and Regulations 346  
            Equipment and Technique 347  
            Adaptive Equipment 348  
               Limb-Deficient Divers 348  
               Neurodisability 348  
            Injuries 349  
            Special Considerations for the Adaptive Diver 351  
        References 352  
  Part IV: Selected Topics in Adaptive Sports Medicine 354  
     29: Adaptive Sports Event Planning 355  
         Preplanning 355  
         Rehearsals 357  
         Injury Surveillance and Medical Clearance 358  
         Liability/Medical Malpractice 360  
         Event Coverage 361  
         Personnel 361  
         Medical Supplies 362  
         After-Action Review 364  
        References 364  
     30: Policy and Advocacy Initiatives to Promote the Benefits of Sports Participation for Individuals with Disability 366  
         Introduction 366  
         Disability and Health Disparities 366  
            Higher Rates of Obesity and Chronic Disease Among Individuals with Disability 367  
            Individuals with Disability Engage in Less Physical Activity 367  
            Lower Rates of Employment Among Individuals with Disability 368  
         Factors that Influence Physical Activity and Sports Participation in Individuals with Disabilities 368  
            Environmental Barriers and Facilitators 369  
            Personal Barriers and Facilitators 370  
            Social Barriers and Facilitators 370  
         Public Health Response Aimed to Increase Physical Activity in Individuals with Disabilities 371  
            Integration of Disability into All Mainstream Programs 371  
            Disability-Specific Programming 373  
            Adaptive Sports Organizations Extending Their Public Health Reach 373  
         Relevant Policy History 374  
         Future Considerations 375  
        References 377  
     31: Controversies in Adaptive Sports 380  
         Introduction 380  
         Doping in Adaptive Sports 380  
            Medications 381  
               Anabolic Steroids 381  
               Beta-Blockers 381  
               Beta2-Agonists 381  
            Blood Doping 382  
               Erythropoietin 382  
         Boosting in Adaptive Sports 382  
            Autonomic Dysreflexia 382  
         Effect of Autonomic Dysfunction on Exercise Performance 383  
            How Widespread Is the Boosting Phenomenon? 384  
            The Positions of the Governing Bodies of Adaptive Sports 385  
            How Effective Is the Current Method for Detecting Boosting and Preventing Adverse Events? 385  
            Future Approaches to Detecting Boosting 385  
         Equipment and Technology Issues 386  
        References 386  
  Index 388  


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