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Preface and Reader’s Guide |
5 |
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Preface to the Second Edition |
7 |
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Contents |
9 |
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List of Figures |
13 |
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Introduction and History |
16 |
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1.1 Prologue |
16 |
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1.2 Organization of the Book |
17 |
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1.3 The Ancient Authors |
19 |
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1.3.1 Classical Authors |
21 |
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1.3.2 Medieval Authors |
25 |
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1.3.3 Arab Authors |
29 |
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1.3.4 Chinese and Indian Authors |
30 |
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Properties of Minerals |
32 |
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2.1 Mineral Chemistry |
32 |
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2.2 Mineral Structure |
32 |
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2.3 Mineral Identification Methods 2.3.1 Element Analyses |
36 |
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2.3.2 Petrographic Analyses |
38 |
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2.3.3 Physical Methods of Identification |
40 |
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2.4 Color of Minerals |
42 |
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Exploitation of Mineral and Rock Raw Materials |
59 |
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3.1 Introduction |
59 |
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3.2 Rock Classification and Properties |
60 |
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3.3 Igneous Rocks |
60 |
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3.3.1 Extrusive Igneous Rocks |
62 |
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3.3.2 Intrusive Igneous Rocks |
65 |
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3.4 Sedimentary Rocks |
67 |
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3.4.1 Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks |
69 |
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3.4.2 Terrigenous Sedimentary Rocks |
70 |
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3.4.3 Pyroclastic Sedimentary Rocks |
72 |
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3.5 Metamorphic Rocks |
72 |
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3.6 Unconsolidated Deposits 3.6.1 Surface Deposits |
76 |
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3.6.2 Placer Deposits |
77 |
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3.6.3 Residual Deposits |
78 |
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3.7 Outcrops, Mining, and Quarrying |
79 |
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Lithic Materials |
83 |
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4.1 Introduction |
83 |
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4.2 Microcrystalline Quartz |
90 |
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4.3 Other Siliceous Rocks |
96 |
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4.3.1 Quartzite |
96 |
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4.3.2 Opal |
97 |
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4.3.3 Felsite |
98 |
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4.3.4 Rhyolite/Andesite |
98 |
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4.3.5 Siliceous Shale/Slate/Schist |
98 |
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4.4 Obsidian |
99 |
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4.5 Other Minerals and Rocks |
102 |
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Gemstones, Seal Stones, and Ceremonial Stones |
105 |
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5.1 Introduction |
105 |
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5.2 Quartz Minerals (SiO |
108 |
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) |
108 |
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5.2.1 Crystalline Varieties |
108 |
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5.2.2 Cryptocrystalline Varieties |
110 |
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5.3 Non-Quartz Silicates and Minerals 5.3.1 Coarse- Grained |
114 |
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5.3.2 Fine-Grained |
120 |
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5.3.3 Glassy |
125 |
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5.4 Carbonate and Sulfate Minerals 5.4.1 Coarse- Grained |
125 |
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5.4.2 Fine-Grained |
126 |
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5.5 Oxide Minerals |
127 |
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5.6 Organic Gems |
130 |
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5.7 Other Gem Minerals |
133 |
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5.7.1 Sulfide Minerals |
134 |
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Soft Stones and Other Carvable Materials |
135 |
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6.1 Introduction |
135 |
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6.2 Serpentinite |
136 |
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6.3 Steatite and Soapstone |
139 |
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6.3.1 Asbestos |
142 |
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6.4 Alabaster and Gypsum |
142 |
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6.5 Limestone and Marble |
146 |
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6.6 Catlinite |
149 |
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6.7 Other Carved Stone |
150 |
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6.8 Sedimentary Rocks |
151 |
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6.9 Volcanic Rocks |
154 |
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6.10 Miscellaneous Rocks |
155 |
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Metals and Related Minerals and Ores |
157 |
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7.1 Introduction |
157 |
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7.2 Gold (Au) |
160 |
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7.3 Silver (Ag) |
166 |
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7.4 Native Copper (Cu) |
168 |
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7.5 Other Copper Minerals |
172 |
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7.5.1 The Copper Ore Minerals |
178 |
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7.6 Iron (Fe) |
180 |
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7.7 Iron Minerals |
183 |
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7.8 Tin (Sn) Minerals |
185 |
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7.9 Lead (Pb) Minerals |
190 |
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7.10 Zinc (Zn) Minerals |
192 |
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7.11 Other Ore Minerals and Metals |
194 |
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7.12 Oxidation of Metallic Ores |
195 |
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Ceramic Raw Materials |
197 |
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8.1 Introduction |
197 |
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8.2 Clays |
198 |
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8.3 Pottery |
202 |
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8.4 Tempers |
203 |
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8.5 Glazes |
205 |
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8.6 Porcelain |
207 |
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8.7 Glass |
208 |
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8.8 Faience |
211 |
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8.9 Fired-Brick, Tile, and Terracotta |
212 |
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8.10 Refractory Ceramics |
214 |
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Pigments and Colorants |
215 |
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9.1 The Nature of Pigments and Colorants |
215 |
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9.2 Historical Background |
217 |
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9.3 Iron Oxide Compounds |
221 |
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9.4 Manganese Compounds |
226 |
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9.5 Copper Compounds |
226 |
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9.6 Lead Compounds |
227 |
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9.7 Carbon Compounds |
229 |
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9.8 Sulfide Compounds |
229 |
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9.9 Carbonates |
230 |
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9.10 Silicates |
231 |
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9.11 Gold and Silver |
234 |
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9.12 Tin Compounds |
234 |
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9.13 Cobalt |
235 |
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Abrasives, Salt, Shells, and Miscellaneous Geologic Raw Materials |
236 |
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10.1 Introduction |
236 |
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10.2 Abrasives |
236 |
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10.3 Salt (Halite) |
237 |
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10.4 Natron |
241 |
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10.5 Alum |
243 |
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10.6 Shells, Coral, Fossils, and Fossil Bone |
245 |
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10.7 Other Geologic Raw Materials 10.7.1 Mica |
251 |
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10.7.2 Petroleum Products – Asphalt, Bitumen, and Pitch |
252 |
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10.7.3 Sulfur (S) |
254 |
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10.7.4 Mercury (Hg) |
255 |
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10.7.5 Saltpeter, Niter |
256 |
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10.7.6 Epsomite (MgSO |
257 |
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· 7H |
257 |
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O, Epsom Salt) |
257 |
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10.7.7 Nitric Acid |
258 |
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10.7.8 Tutty/Cadmea |
258 |
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10.7.9 Fuller’s Earth |
258 |
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10.7.10 Stone Money |
258 |
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Building, Monumental, and Statuary Materials |
260 |
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11.1 Introduction |
260 |
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11.2 Building Stone |
260 |
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11.2.1 Granite/Diorite |
264 |
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11.2.2 Porphyry |
266 |
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11.2.3 Basalt/Andesite/Dolerite |
266 |
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11.2.4 Limestone/Sandstone |
268 |
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11.2.5 Marble |
270 |
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11.2.6 Slate/Schist/Quartzite |
272 |
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11.2.7 Gypsum |
273 |
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11.3 Cements and Mortars 11.3.1 Lime |
274 |
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11.3.2 Gypsum |
276 |
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11.3.3 Aggregates |
277 |
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11.3.4 Hydraulic Reactions |
278 |
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11.3.5 Natural Pozzolana |
279 |
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11.3.6 Artificial ÏPozzolanaÓ |
280 |
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11.3.7 Modern Portland Cement |
281 |
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11.4 Masonry |
281 |
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11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Other Earthen Architectural Materials |
282 |
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11.6 Weathering and Decomposition |
286 |
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References |
294 |
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Additional Bibliography Chapter 1 |
328 |
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Chapter 2 |
328 |
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Chapter 3 |
328 |
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Chapter 4 |
329 |
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Chapter 5 |
329 |
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Chapter 6 |
329 |
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Chapter 7 |
329 |
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Chapter 8 |
330 |
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Chapter 9 |
330 |
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Chapter 10 |
330 |
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Chapter 11 |
331 |
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Glossary |
332 |
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Pigments Used in Antiquity |
339 |
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Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index |
345 |
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Geographic Index |
351 |
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General Index |
357 |
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