Book Cover	1
	Title	1
	Copyright	4
	CONTENTS	5
	INTRODUCTION	9
	Part I EARLY GREEK THINKERS - Moral determinism and individual responsibility	17
	1 HOMER AND THE ILIAD	19
	1 War: its hazards and necessities	19
	2 Simone Weil on the Iliad: necessity and grace	21
	3 Homer’s objectivity: love and detachment	24
	4 The world of human bondage and the possibility of freedom	26
	2 SOPHOCLES’ OEDIPUS	29
	1 The meaning of fate and its way of working in Oedipus’ life	29
	2 Oedipus’ lack of self-knowledge and the way it seals his fate	31
	3 Freud’s Oedipus complex and the play	37
	4 Oedipus’ lack of freedom and his downfall	39
	5 Conclusion: was Sophocles a determinist?	41
	3 PLATO AND MORAL DETERMINISM	43
	1 Good, evil and self-mastery – the Phaedrus	43
	2 Freedom and self-mastery – the Gorgias	47
	3 Love of goodness and slavery to evil	50
	4 Conclusionj moral knowledge and freedom	55
	4 ARISTOTLE	57
	1 Aristotle’s treatment of voluntary action and moral responsibility	57
	2 Are vices voluntary?	62
	3 Self-mastery and weakness of will	67
	4 Conclusion	73
	5 ST AUGUSTINE	79
	1 Introduction	79
	2 The reality of free will	81
	3 Good and evil: free will and God’s grace	83
	4 Free will and God’s foreknowledge	90
	5 Conclusion	94
	Part II THE COMING OF AGE OF CHRISTIANITY - Morality, theology and freedom of the will	77
	6 ST THOMAS AQUINAS	97
	1 Introduction	97
	2 The will as rational appetite and its freedom	98
	3 The will and the intellect: good and evil	105
	4 Free will, goodness and grace	110
	5 Free will and God’s foreknowledge	112
	6 Conclusion	114
	Part III THE RISE OF SCIENCE - Universal causation and human agency	119
	7 DESCARTES’ DUALISM	121
	1 The mind and the body	121
	2 Human action and the will	127
	3 Freedom of the will in Descartes	131
	8 SPINOZA	135
	1 Introduction	135
	2 The most fundamental of Spinoza’s conceptions of determinism	139
	3 DetachmentW acceptance and self-knowledge	142
	4 Finding freedom through yielding to the inevitable	144
	9 HUME AND KANT	149
	1 ‘Passion and reasonW self-division’s cause’	149
	2 Hume and Kantj a conceptual dichotomy	151
	3 Kant and Hume on free will and determinism	158
	4 Kant’s conception of psychology as an ‘ anthropological science’	166
	Part IV THE AGE OF PSYCHOLOGY - Reason and feeling, causality and free will	171
	10 SCHOPENHAUER	173
	1 Schopenhauer’s arguments for determinism	173
	2 Flaws in Schopenhauer’s arguments	178
	3 Character and change	183
	4 Conclusion	186
	11 FREUD	187
	1 Freud on the psychological limitations of human freedom	187
	2 Self-knowledge and change in psycho-analytic therapy	190
	3 Conclusion	196
	12 SARTRE	198
	1 Freedom, consciousness and human existence	198
	2 Absolute freedom in the face of obstacles, necessities and an irrevocable past	201
	3 The burden of freedom, bad faith and autonomy through self-knowledge	207
	4 Freedom and choice	209
	13 SIMONE WEIL	214
	1 The duality of man	214
	2 Gravity and grace	217
	3 Free will and necessity	220
	4 Freedom in a world of necessity: Simone Weil and Spinoza	225
	5 Conclusion	227
	14 G E MOORE	229
	1 G E Moore on free will and determinism	229
	2 J L Austin’s criticism of Moore	233
	3 The principle or law of causality	237
	4 Conclusion	241
	15 WITTGENSTEIN	242
	1 Science and the freedom of the will	242
	2 Wittgenstein and Simone Weil, the thief and the falling stone	246
	3 Wittgenstein and Schopenhauer: determination of our decisions	249
	4 Choice and causality: ‘He was brought up to think as he does’	253
	5 Freedom and predictability	256
	6 Conclusion	259
	NOTES	275
	INDEX	279