Solid State Gas Sensors - Industrial Application	3
	Aims and Scope	5
	Preface	7
	Stakeholders in Gas Sensing	7
	Development of a New Gas Sensing Technology	7
	Implementation of a New Gas Sensing Application	8
	Better Communication Amongst the Stakeholders Is Needed	9
	Contents	11
	Part I: Requirements on Sensing	Part I: Requirements on Sensing
	Future Building Gas Sensing Applications	14
	1 Vision of Sustainable Built Environment	15
	2 The Role of Sensing Applications in Next Generation Building	16
	3 Sensing Need for Specific Applications	20
	3.1 Comfort	20
	3.2 Health	20
	3.3 Energy Management Applications	20
	3.4 Security	21
	3.5 Life Safety	21
	4 Building That Knows You and Your Physical Environment	22
	5 Carbon and Sustainability Footprint	22
	6 Conclusion	23
	References	23
	Requirements for Gas Sensors in Automotive Air Quality Applications	24
	1 Introduction	25
	2 Technical Specification	26
	2.1 Functional Requirements	26
	2.2 Sensor Signal Conditioning	28
	2.2.1 Conditioning of an Analog Output Signal	28
	2.2.2 Conditioning of a Pulse-Width Modulated Output Signal	30
	2.2.3 Conditioning of an LIN Output Signal	31
	3 Automotive Suitability	33
	3.1 Electrical Requirements	33
	3.2 EMC Qualification	35
	3.3 Mechanical, Climatic, and Lifetime Qualification	36
	3.4 Chemical Qualification	40
	4 Implementation in the Automotive Air Conditioning System	40
	4.1 Detection of the Air Quality in the Vehicle Exterior	40
	4.2 Detection of the Air Quality Inside the Vehicle	42
	5 Conclusion	44
	References	44
	Automotive Hydrogen Sensors: Current and Future Requirements	45
	1 Introduction	45
	2 Hydrogen Sensor Modules in Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell	46
	2.1 Ambient Hydrogen Concentration Sensor Module (AHS)	46
	2.2 Exhaust Hydrogen Concentration Sensor Module (EHS)	46
	3 Future Requirements	47
	Requirements for Fire Detectors	49
	1 Theory	50
	2 Applications	51
	2.1 Introduction	51
	2.2 Proven Technologies	52
	2.2.1 Ionization Sensors	52
	2.2.2 Optical Smoke Sensors	52
	2.2.3 Heat Sensors	54
	2.2.4 Interim Results	54
	2.2.5 Gas Detection	54
	2.2.6 Electrochemical Cell Based	55
	2.2.7 Semiconductor Based	55
	2.3 Perspective to the Future	56
	3 Standardization	56
	3.1 Introduction	56
	3.2 Standardization at ISO-Level	57
	3.3 Standardization at CEN-Level	57
	3.4 Other Regulation Bodies	59
	References	60
	Part II: Sensor Principles	Part II: Sensor Principles
	The Power of Nanomaterial Approaches in Gas Sensors	62
	1 Introduction	63
	2 Deposition Techniques and Growth Mechanisms	64
	2.1 Vapor Phase Growth	65
	2.2 Solution Phase Growth	66
	2.3 Devices Fabrication	68
	3 Electrical Properties	69
	4 Working Principles	71
	5 DC Conductometric Gas Sensors	72
	5.1 Single Nanowire Devices	72
	5.2 Multiple Nanowire Devices	75
	6 SNT-Based Sensors	78
	7 PL-Based Sensors	80
	7.1 SnO2	81
	7.2 ZnO	82
	8 Conclusions and Future Challenges	83
	References	84
	Theory and Application of Suspended Gate FET Gas Sensors	88
	1 Introduction	91
	2 Principles of Operation	93
	2.1 Gas Adsorption on Solids	93
	2.2 The Work Function	94
	2.3 Work Function Change Caused by Gas Adsorption	95
	3 Transducer Concepts	97
	3.1 The Lundström FET	97
	3.2 The Suspended Gate FET	98
	3.3 The Hybrid Suspended Gate FET	99
	3.4 The Floating Gate FET (FG-FET)	100
	4 The FET-Based Hydrogen Sensor	101
	4.1 Requirements for Automotive Applications	101
	4.2 The FG-FET Hydrogen Sensor	102
	4.3 The Catalytic Ignition	103
	5 The Temperature-Controlled Phase Transition FET (TPT-FET)	108
	5.1 Fabrication and Embedding of the Sensitive Layer	108
	5.2 Results and Discussion	109
	5.3 Understanding the Phase Transition	110
	5.4 Temperature Dependence of the Phase Transition	111
	5.5 Modeling of the Temperature Dependence	112
	5.6 The Temperature-Controlled Mode	112
	5.7 Response Time	114
	5.8 Hydrogen Dual Sensor: Lundström and FG-FET on One Chip	116
	6 GasFET Concept for High Temperature Operation	117
	6.1 Requirements for High Temperature Operation of Silicon-Based MOS-FETs	117
	6.2 Device Design of the FG-FET for High Temperature Operation (HT-FG-FET)	117
	6.2.1 Highly Doped Vertical MOS-FET	117
	6.2.2 Fabrication on SOI Substrates	118
	6.3 High Temperature Measurements	118
	6.4 Conclusion	119
	References	120
	Chromium Titanium Oxide-Based Ammonia Sensors	122
	1 Introduction	123
	1.1 Piggery	124
	1.2 Leakage Detecting in Refrigeration Systems	124
	1.3 Selective Catalytic Reduction	124
	2 State of the Art	125
	2.1 Electrochemical Cells for Ammonia Detection	125
	2.2 Other Solid-State-Based Ammonia Sensors	126
	2.3 Polymer-Based Ammonia Sensors	127
	2.4 Optical and Colorimetric Ammonia Sensors	128
	3 Chromium Titanium Oxide-Based Resistive Sensors	129
	3.1 Introduction	129
	3.2 Chromium Titanium Oxide	130
	3.3 Fabrication Technologies	131
	3.3.1 Screen Printed CTO sensors	131
	3.3.2 Inkjet Printed CTO sensors	131
	3.3.3 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition of CTO	133
	3.3.4 Sol-Gel Process	134
	3.3.5 Thin-Film Sensors	134
	3.4 Gas sensing Behavior	135
	4 Chromium Titanium Oxide in Work Function Type Sensors	138
	4.1 Introduction	138
	4.2 Experimental	138
	4.2.1 Kelvin Probe	138
	4.2.2 Suspended Gate Field Effect Transistor Using CTO as Sensitive Layer	139
	4.2.3 Gas Measurements	140
	4.3 Results and Discussion	140
	References	142
	Part III: Applications	Part III: Applications
	Combined Humidity- and Temperature Sensor	146
	1 Introduction	147
	1.1 Relative Humidity	147
	1.2 Absolute Humidity	148
	1.3 Dew Point	148
	2 Temperature- and Humidity Sensor	149
	2.1 Platinum-Temperature Sensor	149
	2.2 Capacitive Humidity Sensors	150
	3 Humidity Sensors in Applications	152
	4 Combined Sensor: Humidity+Temperature Sensor/Heater	153
	5 Optimized Technology on Customer Request	155
	References	156
	Gas Sensor Investigations in Characterizing Textile Fibres	157
	1 Introduction	158
	2 Experimental Conditions and Results	158
	2.1 Samples and Apparatus	158
	2.2 Sensor Elements	160
	3 Discussion	162
	3.1 Thermal Decomposition of PET	162
	3.2 Thermal Decomposition of Finish	169
	3.3 Sensor Response	172
	3.3.1 Strong Sensor Response to Decomposition Products of Finish	173
	3.3.2 Weak Sensor Response to Decomposition Products of PET Fibres	174
	4 Conclusion	176
	References	177
	New Approaches for Exhaust Gas Sensing	178
	1 Introduction	179
	2 Sensors for Lean NOx Traps	180
	2.1 NOx Sensors	181
	2.2 Sensors for Directly Determining the Loading Degree of an LNT	181
	3 Sensors for NH3-SCR-deNOx	183
	3.1 NH3 Sensors	183
	3.2 Sensors for Directly Determining the Ammonia Storage Degree of an SCR Catalyst	186
	4 Radio Frequency-Based Catalyst Gauging	187
	5 Conclusion	190
	References	190
	Technology and Application Opportunities for SiC-FET Gas Sensors	194
	1 Introduction	195
	2 Detection Mechanism of FET Gas Sensors	197
	3 Processing and Electrical Operation of FET Devices	201
	4 Tailor-Made Sensing of FET Devices	203
	5 Results	203
	5.1 Applications at an Ambient Temperature Above 500C	204
	5.1.1 Syngas Control in a Power Plant	204
	5.1.2 Cylinder-Specific Monitoring	204
	5.1.3 Cold Start and EGR Sensor	206
	5.2 Applications at an Ambient Temperature Below 500C	207
	5.2.1 Engines, Gas Turbines, and Boiler Plants	207
	5.2.2 Aerospace Applications and Fire Alarms	207
	5.2.3 NH3 Sensor for SCR Control	208
	5.2.4 NH3 Sensor for SNCR Control	209
	5.3 Domestic Boiler Control, Commercialization	209
	6 Future Trends and Development in SiC-FET Sensors	212
	6.1 Improved Contact Material to SiC	212
	6.2 Packaging	213
	6.3 3C SiC	213
	6.4 WBG Materials for FETs	214
	7 Conclusions	214
	References	215
	Development of Planar Potentiometric Gas Sensors for Automotive Exhaust Application	220
	1 Introduction	221
	1.1 State of the Art	221
	1.2 Research at St-Etienne and Objectives of the Chapter	225
	2 Experimental	226
	2.1 Sensors Preparation	226
	2.2 Sensor Bench Test	227
	3 Results with beta-Alumina Sensors	227
	3.1 Typical Sensor Responses to Oxidant and Reducing Gases on Laboratory Bench	227
	3.2 Development of Sensors for the Engine Bench Tests	229
	3.3 Protective Layer for the Sensing Element	230
	3.4 Tests of beta-Alumina Sensors on Motor Bench	232
	4 Comparison of beta-Alumina and YSZ Sensor Performances	235
	4.1 General Behaviour	235
	4.2 CO, HC and NO2 Performances	236
	4.3 NH3 Responses	236
	4.4 Sensor Ageing	239
	5 Prospective Studies	240
	5.1 Electrodes Materials	240
	5.2 Amperometric Mode: Electrode Polarisation	240
	5.3 Catalytic Filter for Selectivity Modification	241
	6 Discussion and Modelling	242
	6.1 Limitation of the Mixed Potential Model	242
	6.2 Complementary Experiments with Au/beta-Alumina/Pt Device	247
	6.2.1 Vibrating Capacitor Method (PUP)	248
	6.2.2 Impedance Spectroscopy Technique	249
	6.2.3 Electrodes Sizes	250
	6.3 Capacitive Model	251
	7 Conclusion	255
	References	256
	Atmospheric Humidity Measurements Using Gas Sensors	260
	1 Introduction	261
	1.1 Upper Air Observations	261
	1.2 Weather Prediction and Environmental Monitoring	262
	1.3 Aviation and Ballistic Applications	263
	1.4 Climate Change and Atmospheric Research Studies	263
	2 Historical and Present-Day Upper Air Humidity Sensors	264
	2.1 Standard Humidity Sensors on Operational Radiosondes	264
	2.2 Research and Reference Humidity Sensors	264
	2.3 Fluorescence Hygrometers for Stratospheric H2O Measurements	265
	3 Thin-Film Capacitive Sensors	265
	3.1 Principle of Operation	265
	3.2 Upper Air Applications	266
	4 Intercomparisons and Reference Upper Air Observations	267
	4.1 International Radiosonde Intercomparisons	267
	4.2 Reference Upper Air Network	268
	5 Conclusions	268
	References	269
	Concluding Remarks	270
	Index	271