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Contents |
7 |
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Preface |
13 |
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Acknowledgements |
15 |
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1 Introduction: meaning and reference |
17 |
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Overview |
18 |
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Meaning and understanding |
19 |
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The Referential Theory |
20 |
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Summary |
23 |
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Questions |
24 |
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Notes |
24 |
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Further reading |
24 |
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PART I Reference and referring |
25 |
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2 Definite descriptions |
27 |
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Overview |
28 |
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Singular terms |
29 |
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Russell’s Theory of Descriptions |
32 |
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Objections to Russell’s theory |
37 |
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Donnellan’s distinction |
42 |
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Anaphora |
47 |
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Summary |
48 |
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Questions |
49 |
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Notes |
49 |
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Further reading |
50 |
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3 Proper names: the Description Theory |
51 |
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Overview |
52 |
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Russell’s Name Claim |
53 |
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Opening objections |
56 |
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Searle’s “Cluster Theory” |
58 |
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Kripke’s critique |
59 |
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Summary |
64 |
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Questions |
64 |
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Notes |
64 |
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Further reading |
65 |
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4 Proper names: Direct Reference and the Causal- Historical Theory |
66 |
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Overview |
67 |
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Possible worlds |
68 |
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Rigidity and proper names |
69 |
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Direct Reference |
71 |
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The Causal-Historical Theory |
76 |
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Problems for the Causal-Historical Theory |
78 |
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Natural-kind terms and “Twin Earth” |
82 |
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Summary |
84 |
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Questions |
85 |
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Notes |
85 |
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PART II Theories of meaning |
89 |
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5 Traditional theories of meaning |
91 |
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Overview |
92 |
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Ideational theories |
94 |
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The Proposition Theory |
96 |
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Summary |
102 |
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Questions |
103 |
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Notes |
103 |
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6 “Use” theories |
104 |
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Overview |
105 |
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Objections and some replies |
109 |
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Summary |
114 |
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Questions |
114 |
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Notes |
114 |
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Further reading |
115 |
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7 Psychological theories: Grice’s program |
116 |
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Overview |
117 |
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Grice’s basic idea |
118 |
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Speaker-meaning |
119 |
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Sentence meaning |
124 |
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Summary |
129 |
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Questions |
129 |
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Notes |
129 |
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Further reading |
130 |
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8 Verificationism |
131 |
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Overview |
132 |
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The theory and its motivation |
133 |
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Some objections |
135 |
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The big one |
140 |
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Two Quinean issues |
141 |
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Summary |
143 |
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Notes |
144 |
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9 Truth-Condition Theories: Davidson’s program |
145 |
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Overview |
146 |
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Truth conditions |
147 |
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Truth-defining natural languages |
152 |
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Initial objections |
156 |
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Summary |
162 |
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Questions |
163 |
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Notes |
163 |
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Further reading |
164 |
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10 Truth-Condition Theories: possible worlds and intensional semantics |
165 |
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Overview |
166 |
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Truth conditions reconceived |
167 |
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Advantages over Davidson’s view |
170 |
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Remaining objections |
172 |
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Summary |
174 |
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Questions |
174 |
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Notes |
175 |
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Further reading |
175 |
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PART III Pragmatics and speech acts |
177 |
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11 Semantic pragmatics |
179 |
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Overview |
180 |
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Semantic vs. pragmatic pragmatics |
181 |
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The problem of deixis |
182 |
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The work of semantic pragmatics |
185 |
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Summary |
187 |
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Questions |
187 |
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Notes |
188 |
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Further reading |
188 |
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12 Speech acts and illocutionary force |
189 |
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Overview |
190 |
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Performatives |
191 |
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Rules and infelicities |
192 |
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Force, content, and perlocution |
194 |
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Cohen’s problem |
197 |
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Summary |
200 |
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Questions |
201 |
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Notes |
201 |
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Further reading |
202 |
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13 Implicative relations |
203 |
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Overview |
204 |
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Conveyed meanings and invited inferences |
205 |
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Conversational implicature |
207 |
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“Presupposition” and conventional implicature |
211 |
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Indirect force |
215 |
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Summary |
218 |
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Questions |
218 |
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Notes |
219 |
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Further reading |
219 |
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PART IV The dark side |
221 |
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14 Metaphor |
223 |
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Overview |
224 |
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A philosophical bias |
225 |
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The issues, and two simple theories |
226 |
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The Figurative Simile Theory |
230 |
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The Pragmatic Theory |
233 |
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Metaphor as analogical |
238 |
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Unbenannt |
240 |
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Summary |
240 |
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Questions |
240 |
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Notes |
241 |
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Further reading |
242 |
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Glossary |
243 |
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Bibliography |
245 |
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Index |
255 |
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