Contents	7
	Preface	13
	Acknowledgements	15
	1 Introduction: meaning and reference	17
	Overview	18
	Meaning and understanding	19
	The Referential Theory	20
	Summary	23
	Questions	24
	Notes	24
	Further reading	24
	PART I Reference and referring	25
	2 Definite descriptions	27
	Overview	28
	Singular terms	29
	Russell’s Theory of Descriptions	32
	Objections to Russell’s theory	37
	Donnellan’s distinction	42
	Anaphora	47
	Summary	48
	Questions	49
	Notes	49
	Further reading	50
	3 Proper names: the Description Theory	51
	Overview	52
	Russell’s Name Claim	53
	Opening objections	56
	Searle’s “Cluster Theory”	58
	Kripke’s critique	59
	Summary	64
	Questions	64
	Notes	64
	Further reading	65
	4 Proper names: Direct Reference and the Causal- Historical Theory	66
	Overview	67
	Possible worlds	68
	Rigidity and proper names	69
	Direct Reference	71
	The Causal-Historical Theory	76
	Problems for the Causal-Historical Theory	78
	Natural-kind terms and “Twin Earth”	82
	Summary	84
	Questions	85
	Notes	85
	PART II Theories of meaning	89
	5 Traditional theories of meaning	91
	Overview	92
	Ideational theories	94
	The Proposition Theory	96
	Summary	102
	Questions	103
	Notes	103
	6 “Use” theories	104
	Overview	105
	Objections and some replies	109
	Summary	114
	Questions	114
	Notes	114
	Further reading	115
	7 Psychological theories: Grice’s program	116
	Overview	117
	Grice’s basic idea	118
	Speaker-meaning	119
	Sentence meaning	124
	Summary	129
	Questions	129
	Notes	129
	Further reading	130
	8 Verificationism	131
	Overview	132
	The theory and its motivation	133
	Some objections	135
	The big one	140
	Two Quinean issues	141
	Summary	143
	Notes	144
	9 Truth-Condition Theories: Davidson’s program	145
	Overview	146
	Truth conditions	147
	Truth-defining natural languages	152
	Initial objections	156
	Summary	162
	Questions	163
	Notes	163
	Further reading	164
	10 Truth-Condition Theories: possible worlds and intensional semantics	165
	Overview	166
	Truth conditions reconceived	167
	Advantages over Davidson’s view	170
	Remaining objections	172
	Summary	174
	Questions	174
	Notes	175
	Further reading	175
	PART III Pragmatics and speech acts	177
	11 Semantic pragmatics	179
	Overview	180
	Semantic vs. pragmatic pragmatics	181
	The problem of deixis	182
	The work of semantic pragmatics	185
	Summary	187
	Questions	187
	Notes	188
	Further reading	188
	12 Speech acts and illocutionary force	189
	Overview	190
	Performatives	191
	Rules and infelicities	192
	Force, content, and perlocution	194
	Cohen’s problem	197
	Summary	200
	Questions	201
	Notes	201
	Further reading	202
	13 Implicative relations	203
	Overview	204
	Conveyed meanings and invited inferences	205
	Conversational implicature	207
	“Presupposition” and conventional implicature	211
	Indirect force	215
	Summary	218
	Questions	218
	Notes	219
	Further reading	219
	PART IV The dark side	221
	14 Metaphor	223
	Overview	224
	A philosophical bias	225
	The issues, and two simple theories	226
	The Figurative Simile Theory	230
	The Pragmatic Theory	233
	Metaphor as analogical	238
	Unbenannt	240
	Summary	240
	Questions	240
	Notes	241
	Further reading	242
	Glossary	243
	Bibliography	245
	Index	255