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Contents |
6 |
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Contributors |
10 |
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About the Editors |
14 |
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Part I Introduction |
16 |
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1 Cross-Disciplinary Views of Anger: Consensus and Controversy |
17 |
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1.1 Triggers and Targets, Functions, and Social Significance of Anger |
17 |
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1.2 Constituents of Anger |
18 |
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1.3 Anger Quantity, Quality, and Time Course |
19 |
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1.4 Valence and Motivation |
19 |
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1.5 Information Processing, Appraisal, and Blame |
20 |
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1.6 Development, Gender, Personality, and Psychopathology |
21 |
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1.7 Other Emotions |
21 |
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2 A Brief History of Anger |
22 |
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2.1 Anger: Supernatural and Superhuman |
22 |
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2.2 The Philosophy and Psychology of Anger |
27 |
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2.3 The Historical Ubiquity of Anger and the Exercise of Social Control |
32 |
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2.4 Summary |
34 |
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Note |
34 |
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References |
34 |
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Part II Biology of Anger |
38 |
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3 Population and Molecular Genetics of Anger and Aggression: Current State of the Art |
39 |
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3.1 Preface |
39 |
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3.2 Introduction |
40 |
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3.3 The Heritability of Aggression and Hostility |
40 |
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3.4 Molecular Genetic Research in Psychology |
41 |
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3.5 Variations in Genes Coding for Gonadal Hormones |
41 |
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3.6 The Influence of Serotonergic Gene Loci on Aggression and Anger |
42 |
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3.7 Catecholamine-Associated Gene Loci and AHA |
45 |
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3.8 Summary and Future Perspectives |
45 |
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References |
46 |
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4 Constructing a Neurology of Anger |
50 |
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4.1 Overview of Anger in the Brain |
50 |
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4.2 Temporal Lobes, Epilepsy, and Episodic Dyscontrol: Aggression or Anger? |
52 |
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4.3 Hemispheric Asymmetries in Temporal Lobe Function |
53 |
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4.4 Subcortical Mediation of Anger in Humans and Its Putative Relationship with Several Forms of Aggression in Other Animals |
54 |
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4.5 Roles of Frontal Lobe in Anger as Inferred from EEG and Lesion Data |
57 |
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4.5.1 Evidence from Seizures |
57 |
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4.5.2 Medial and Orbital Frontal Cortex: General Anatomy and Function |
58 |
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4.5.3 Medial and Orbital Frontal Cortex: Role in Anger and Aggression |
58 |
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4.6 Reconciling Lesion and Neuroimaging Data |
60 |
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4.7 A Neuroanatomical Conjecture About the Dynamics of Anger |
61 |
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4.8 Implications for Future Psychological and Physiological Studies of Anger |
65 |
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4.9 Limitations and Caveats |
65 |
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References |
66 |
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5 Anger, Motivation, and Asymmetrical Frontal Cortical Activations |
71 |
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5.1 Subjective Feelings and Anger |
72 |
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5.1.1 Relationship to Other Emotional Experiences |
73 |
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5.2 Motivational Components of Anger |
74 |
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5.2.1 Behavioral and Subjective Evidence |
74 |
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5.3 Triggers of Anger |
75 |
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5.3.1 Reinforcement Approaches |
75 |
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5.3.2 Cognitive Neo-association Approach |
76 |
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5.4 Neural Components of Anger |
76 |
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5.4.1 Motivational Direction: Approach and Withdrawal |
76 |
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5.4.2 Valence: Positive and Negative Affect |
76 |
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5.4.3 Motivational Direction vs. Valence |
77 |
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5.4.4 EEG Measurement |
78 |
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5.4.5 Anger and EEG Activity -- Correlational Studies of Trait Anger |
78 |
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5.4.6 Anger and EEG Activity -- Experimental Studies of State Anger |
79 |
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5.4.7 Trait State Anger Interactions in Frontal Asymmetry |
80 |
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5.4.8 Asymmetrical Frontal Activity and Withdrawal Anger |
81 |
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5.4.9 Manipulating Asymmetrical Frontal Activity and Anger Processes |
81 |
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5.4.10 Other Brain-Imaging Methods/Alternative Interpretations |
82 |
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5.4.11 Some Questions and Conclusions |
83 |
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References |
84 |
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6 The Neurochemistry and Psychopharmacology of Anger |
89 |
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6.1 Introduction |
89 |
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6.2 Neurochemistry of Anger |
90 |
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6.2.1 Studies Investigating Metabolites of Serotonin in Cerebrospinal Fluid |
91 |
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6.2.2 Neuroendocrine Challenge Studies |
92 |
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6.2.3 The 5-HT System |
92 |
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6.2.4 The Noradrenergic System |
94 |
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6.2.5 Acute Monoamine Depletion |
95 |
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6.2.6 Acute Tryptophan Deletion |
95 |
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6.2.7 Acute Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Depletion |
97 |
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6.2.8 Acute Tryptophan Depletion Versus Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Depletion |
97 |
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6.2.9 Implications of Neurochemical Work |
98 |
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6.3 Psychopharmacology of Anger |
98 |
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6.3.1 Anger, Irritability and Hostility |
99 |
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6.3.2 Healthy Volunteers |
99 |
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6.3.3 Depression |
100 |
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6.3.4 Generalised Anxiety Disorder |
100 |
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6.3.5 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder |
101 |
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6.3.6 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder |
101 |
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6.3.7 Bipolar Disorder |
102 |
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6.3.8 Axis II Disorders |
102 |
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6.3.9 Anger Outbursts or Attacks |
103 |
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6.3.9.1 Anger Attacks in Depression |
103 |
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6.3.9.2 Anger Attacks in Other Disorders |
103 |
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6.4 Conclusions |
105 |
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References |
106 |
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7 Somatovisceral Activation During Anger |
113 |
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7.1 Sensed Bodily Changes |
113 |
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7.1.1 Reports of Bodily Sensations During Anger |
114 |
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7.2 Physiological Anger Responses |
114 |
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7.2.1 Responses in Anger Versus Control Conditions |
115 |
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7.2.1.1 Ax (1953) |
115 |
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7.2.1.2 Funkenstein, King, and Drolette (1954) |
116 |
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7.2.1.3 Levenson, Ekman, and Friesen (1990) |
116 |
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7.2.1.4 Sinha, Lovallo, and Parsons (1992) |
117 |
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7.2.1.5 Stemmler, Heldmann, Pauls, and Scherer ( 2001) |
117 |
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7.2.2 Meta-analyses of Anger Effects |
118 |
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7.3 Bodily Sensations and Actual Somatovisceral Responses |
120 |
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7.4 The Issue of Specificity |
122 |
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7.4.1 Physiological Considerations |
122 |
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7.4.1.1 The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
122 |
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7.4.1.2 Spinal and Supraspinal Control |
122 |
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7.4.2 Physiological Maps |
123 |
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7.4.3 The Component Model of Somatovisceral Response Organization in Anger and Fear |
123 |
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7.4.4 The Adrenaline--Noradrenaline Hypothesis |
126 |
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7.4.5 Anger and Alpha-Adrenergic Activation |
126 |
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7.4.6 The Problem of Unspecific Somatovisceral Responses |
128 |
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7.5 Conclusions |
128 |
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References |
128 |
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Part III Cross Cultural Expressions and Experience of Anger |
132 |
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8 The Expression of Anger Across Cultures |
133 |
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8.1 Universality in Facial Expressions of Anger |
134 |
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8.2 Cultural Influences on Angry Expressions |
135 |
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8.2.1 A Definition of Culture and Its Functions |
135 |
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8.2.2 The Cultural Calibration of Emotion |
136 |
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8.2.3 Cultural Calibration via Social Roles and Norms for Emotional Expression -- Cultural Display Rules |
137 |
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8.2.4 Universality in Display Rules of Anger |
137 |
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8.2.5 Cultural Differences in Display Rules of Anger |
139 |
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8.2.6 Cultural Differences in Recognizing Angry Expressions |
140 |
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8.2.7 The Influence of Culture on Anger-Related Behaviors |
141 |
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8.3 Conclusion |
142 |
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References |
142 |
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9 Vocal Expressions of Anger |
146 |
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9.1 Vocal Expressions of Anger |
146 |
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9.2 Empirical Findings on Vocal Expression of Anger |
147 |
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9.2.1 Selected Studies |
147 |
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9.2.2 Summary and Limitations |
151 |
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9.3 Confusions Among Anger and Other Emotion Terms |
151 |
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9.4 Theories Related to the Vocal Expressions of Emotions |
155 |
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9.4.1 The Classic View |
156 |
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9.4.1.1 Discrete Emotions |
156 |
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9.4.1.2 Component Processes |
156 |
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9.4.2 Alternatives to the Classic View |
157 |
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9.4.2.1 The Core Affect Approach |
157 |
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9.4.2.2 The Functionalist Approach |
158 |
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9.4.2.3 Summary |
158 |
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9.5 Recent Theoretical Advances Relevant to Vocal Expressions of Anger |
159 |
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9.6 Summary and Future Directions |
160 |
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References |
161 |
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10 Cross-Cultural Experience of Anger: A Psycholinguistic Analysis |
164 |
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10.1 The Embodiment of Anger |
165 |
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10.2 The Psychological Reality of Anger Metaphors |
166 |
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10.3 The Universality of the pressurized container Metaphor for Anger |
167 |
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10.4 Cross-Cultural and Intracultural Variation in Anger |
169 |
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10.4.1 Specificity and Congruence of the Source |
170 |
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10.4.2 Entailments |
170 |
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10.4.3 Linguistic Expressions for the Same Conceptual Metaphor |
171 |
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10.4.4 Degree of Linguistic Elaboration |
171 |
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10.4.5 Variation in the Understanding of Anger in the Same Culture Through Time: The United States |
172 |
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10.5 The Concept of Anger and Its Central Metaphors in Different Languages and Cultures |
173 |
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10.5.1 The Role of Cultural Context in Variation |
176 |
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10.6 A More Nuanced View of the Embodiment of Anger: Experiential Focus |
177 |
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10.7 The hot fluid Metaphor in Relation to Embodiment, Culture, and Cognition |
179 |
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10.8 Conclusions |
180 |
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References |
180 |
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Part IV Anger in Child Development |
182 |
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11 The Development of Anger |
183 |
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11.1 The Definition of Anger |
183 |
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11.2 Studies of the Response to Goal Blockage |
186 |
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11.3 Emotions as Approach and Withdrawal |
187 |
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11.4 Anger and the Approach System |
188 |
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11.5 Sadness and the Withdrawal System |
189 |
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11.5.1 Outcomes Related to Approach and Withdrawal |
189 |
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11.6 Sources of Individual Differences in Approach and Withdrawal at 5 Months |
190 |
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11.6.1 Experiential Factors |
190 |
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11.6.2 Physiological Influences |
191 |
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11.7 Summary |
192 |
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References |
193 |
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12 Anger in Children's Tantrums: A New, Quantitative, BehaviorallyBased Model |
198 |
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12.1 Introduction and Chapter Organization |
198 |
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12.2 Phenomenology and Importance of Childhood Anger |
199 |
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12.2.1 Rationale for Quantifying Anger |
199 |
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12.2.2 Anger as a Coupled Response System |
200 |
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12.2.3 Current Measures of Anger Intensity |
200 |
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12.2.4 Coherence of Measures |
201 |
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12.2.5 Behavioral Measures of Anger Intensity |
202 |
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12.2.6 The Time Course of Anger |
203 |
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12.2.7 Challenges and Opportunities for Behavioral Quantification of Anger |
203 |
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12.2.8 Temper Tantrums: A Solution to the Problem |
204 |
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12.3 Modeling Methods, Data, and Results |
204 |
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12.3.1 The Data |
204 |
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12.3.2 Principal Components Analyses |
205 |
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12.3.3 The Model |
207 |
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12.3.4 Comparison of Wisconsin and Minneapolis Data |
209 |
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12.3.4.1 The MA50 as a Measure of the ''Characteristic'' Anger Intensity of Tantrum Behaviors |
212 |
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12.4 Current Experimental Limitations and Theoretical Assumptions |
213 |
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12.4.1 Methods |
213 |
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12.4.2 Modeling Assumptions, Functions, and Interpretations |
213 |
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12.5 Some Future Extensions and Applications of the Model |
214 |
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12.5.1 Facial, Vocal, and Autonomic Expression |
215 |
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12.5.2 Linkage Functions May Vary with Conditions |
215 |
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12.5.3 Life Span Change vs. Continuity |
215 |
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12.5.4 Sex Differences |
216 |
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12.6 Implications of the Model for Theory and Research on Anger |
216 |
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12.6.1 Appraisal |
216 |
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12.6.2 Display Rules: Anger Regulation in Social Context |
217 |
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12.6.3 Caveats |
217 |
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12.7 The Anger Intensity-Behavioral Linkage Function Model and the Brain |
217 |
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12.7.1 Spinal Motor Neurons |
218 |
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12.7.2 The Temporal Organization of Anxiety and Fear |
218 |
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References |
219 |
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13 The Development of Anger from Preschool to Middle Childhood: Expressing, Understanding, and Regulating Anger |
223 |
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13.1 Expressing Anger: Learning When, to Whom, and How |
223 |
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13.2 Perceiving and Understanding Anger |
226 |
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13.3 Regulating Anger |
227 |
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13.4 Conclusions |
229 |
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References |
230 |
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14 Anger and the ReactiveProactive Aggression Distinction in Childhood and Adolescence |
234 |
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14.1 Questionnaire-Based Studies of Anger and Reactive Versus Proactive Aggression |
235 |
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14.2 Laboratory-Based Studies of Anger and Reactive Versus Proactive Aggression |
235 |
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14.3 Assessment of Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Children |
237 |
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14.3.1 The Questionnaire Developed by Dodge and Coie ( 1987 ) |
237 |
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14.3.2 Other Questionnaire Measures of Reactive and Proactive Aggression |
238 |
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14.3.3 Observational or Laboratory-Based Approaches to Measuring Reactive and Proactive Aggression |
240 |
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14.4 In Conclusion |
240 |
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References |
241 |
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Part V Appraisal and Information Processing in Anger |
243 |
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15 Why Do I Get Angry? A Componential Appraisal Approach |
244 |
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15.1 Introduction |
245 |
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15.2 Different Models of Emotion |
245 |
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15.2.1 Componential Appraisal Models |
246 |
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15.2.2 Appraisal Processes |
247 |
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15.2.3 Why Do I Feel Angry? |
249 |
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15.3 What Does Anger Look Like? |
250 |
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15.3.1 Aggression Is Not Anger |
250 |
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15.3.2 Are There Typical Facial, Vocal, and Physiological Expressions or Patterns for Anger? |
251 |
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15.3.3 Anger Expressions Can Be Functional |
252 |
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15.3.4 Motivational Components or Action Tendencies |
253 |
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15.3.5 Appraisal Processes Integrate Knowledge About Social Context and Norms |
254 |
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15.4 Using the Componential Appraisal Approach to Understand Different Anger Experiences: Anger at Others Versus Anger at the Self |
255 |
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15.5 Individual Differences in Anger Experience |
257 |
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15.5.1 Appraisal Biases |
257 |
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15.5.1.1 Relevance Detection |
259 |
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15.5.1.2 Implication Assessment |
259 |
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15.5.1.3 Coping Potential |
260 |
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15.5.1.4 Normative Significance |
260 |
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15.6 Conclusions |
261 |
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15.6.1 Practical Implications |
261 |
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References |
262 |
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16 Appraisals and Anger: How Complete Are the Usual Appraisal Accounts of Anger? |
268 |
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16.1 Guiding Conceptions and Definitions |
269 |
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16.1.1 Anger |
269 |
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16.1.1.1 How Broad Should the Concept of Anger Be ? |
269 |
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16.1.2 Appraisals |
270 |
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16.1.2.1 Are Appraisals Antecedents of Emotions? |
270 |
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16.2 Appraisal Features Theoretically Responsible for Anger |
271 |
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16.2.1 Goal Attainment |
271 |
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16.2.2 External Agency and Blame |
272 |
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16.2.3 Legitimacy |
273 |
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16.3 Research into Conditions Generating Anger |
274 |
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16.3.1 Must the Frustration Be Personally Significant? |
274 |
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16.3.2 Must the Frustration Be Improper? |
275 |
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16.3.3 Blame: The Problem of Causal Direction |
276 |
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16.3.4 Must There Be an External Cause of the Negative Event? |
276 |
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16.3.5 Some Questions About Coping Potential |
277 |
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16.4 Other Influences on Anger Arousal |
279 |
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16.4.1 Aversive States of Affairs |
279 |
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16.4.1.1 Pain and Stress |
280 |
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16.5 Effects of Emotion-Related Muscular Movements |
281 |
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16.6 Conclusions |
283 |
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References |
283 |
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17 Fuel in the Fire: How Anger Impacts Judgment and Decision-Making |
288 |
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17.1 Anger and the Appraisal-Tendency Framework |
289 |
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17.2 How Decision Researchers Have Studied Anger |
292 |
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17.2.1 Inferring the Presence of Anger |
293 |
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17.2.2 Measuring Anger |
293 |
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17.2.3 Manipulating Anger |
293 |
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17.2.4 Manipulating and Measuring Anger |
294 |
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17.3 The Unique Effects of Anger on Judgment and Decision-Making |
294 |
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17.3.1 Outcome Effects of Anger |
296 |
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17.3.1.1 Effects on Attribution and Evaluation |
296 |
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17.3.1.2 Effects on Risk Perception and Risk Preference |
297 |
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17.3.2 Process Effects of Anger |
299 |
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17.3.2.1 Attention Effects |
299 |
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17.3.2.2 Depth-of-Processing Effects |
299 |
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17.4 Possible Mechanisms Underlying Anger Effects Predicted by the ATF |
301 |
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17.4.1 Associative Network Mechanisms |
301 |
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17.4.2 Informational Mechanisms |
301 |
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17.4.3 Motivational Mechanisms |
302 |
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17.5 Is Anger a Negative or a Positive Emotion? |
302 |
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17.6 Conclusion |
305 |
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References |
306 |
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Biographical Author Sketch |
310 |
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18 State and Trait Anger, Fear, and Social Information Processing |
312 |
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18.1 Adaptive Function of Anger |
313 |
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18.2 Angry States and Attention and Information Processing |
314 |
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18.3 Trait Anger and Attention and Information Processing |
315 |
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18.4 The Perception of Anger and Threat |
316 |
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18.4.1 Etiology and Development |
317 |
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18.4.2 Fear and the Perception of Anger and Threat |
318 |
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18.4.3 Socialization of Threat |
320 |
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18.4.4 Other Correlates of the Processing of Anger and Threat |
320 |
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18.5 Conclusion |
321 |
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References |
321 |
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Part VI Lifespan Changes and Gender Differences in Anger |
327 |
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19 The Sociological Study of Anger: Basic Social Patterns and Contexts |
328 |
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19.1 Background |
329 |
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19.2 Social Patterns of Anger |
331 |
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19.2.1 Age and Anger |
331 |
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19.2.1.1 External Versus Internal Factors |
333 |
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19.2.2 Gender and Anger |
336 |
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19.2.3 Social Class and Anger |
338 |
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19.3 Conclusion |
344 |
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References |
344 |
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20 Anger in the Context of Gender |
347 |
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20.1 A contextual View on Gender and Emotions |
347 |
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20.2 Evidence for the Angry Male or the Non-angry Female? |
348 |
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20.3 Anger and Role-Related Concerns |
351 |
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20.4 Social Appraisal Theory and Anger Regulation |
353 |
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20.5 Conclusion |
355 |
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References |
356 |
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21 Madmen: An Evolutionary Perspective on Anger and Men's Violent Responses to Transgression |
359 |
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21.1 Time Discounting and the Response to Transgression: Why Over-reacting Pays Off |
360 |
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21.2 Sex Differences in the Outcome Behaviors Associated with Anger |
361 |
|
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21.3 The Evolutionary Origins of Sex Differences in Responses to Transgression |
363 |
|
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21.4 Sex Differences in Non-aggressive Risk Taking |
364 |
|
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21.4.1 Aggressiveness and Impulsivity, Constituents of the Male Flash of Anger |
365 |
|
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21.4.2 Probable Physiological Substrates of the Male Flash of Anger |
366 |
|
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21.5 Adaptive Modulation of Risk Taking |
366 |
|
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21.5.1 Changes Across the Male Life Cycle |
367 |
|
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21.5.2 Reproductive Status and Male Risk Taking |
370 |
|
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21.6 Interindividual Variation in Innate Propensities |
372 |
|
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21.6.1 Culture and Genetic Variation in the Male Flash of Anger |
372 |
|
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21.7 Moral Outrage: A Uniquely Human Form of Anger |
373 |
|
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References |
374 |
|
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Part VII Time Course of Anger: State, Trait and the Persistence of Vengefulness |
380 |
|
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22 The Temporal Dynamics of Anger: Phenomena, Processes, and Perplexities |
381 |
|
|
22.1 Introduction |
381 |
|
|
22.2 The Persistence of Anger |
383 |
|
|
22.3 The Escalation of Anger |
385 |
|
|
22.4 Anger Priming: A Specific Paradigm of Escalation |
386 |
|
|
22.5 Out-of-control Anger |
387 |
|
|
22.5.1 Mechanisms of OOC |
387 |
|
|
22.6 The Trajectory of Anger |
388 |
|
|
22.7 The Termination of Anger: Decay, Quenching, Catharsis or? |
389 |
|
|
22.7.1 Decay |
389 |
|
|
22.7.2 Quenching |
390 |
|
|
22.7.3 Catharsis |
390 |
|
|
22.8 Summary |
392 |
|
|
References |
393 |
|
|
23 The Nature and Measurement of Anger |
398 |
|
|
23.1 Anger, Hostility, and Aggression |
400 |
|
|
23.1.1 Measures of Hostility and Anger |
401 |
|
|
23.1.2 The State--Trait Anger Scale (STAS) |
402 |
|
|
23.1.3 Concurrent and Construct Validity of the STAS |
404 |
|
|
23.2 Research on the Experience, Expression, and Control of Anger |
404 |
|
|
References |
406 |
|
|
24 ``Righteous'' Anger and Revenge in the Workplace: The Fantasies,the Feuds, the Forgiveness |
408 |
|
|
24.1 Righteous Anger and Revenge: It Begins with the Sense of Injustice |
409 |
|
|
24.2 Our Model: From Provocation to Righteous Anger to Revenge |
410 |
|
|
24.2.1 Offense |
411 |
|
|
24.2.1.1 Goal Obstruction |
411 |
|
|
24.2.1.2 Violation of Rules, Norms, or Promises |
411 |
|
|
24.2.1.3 Status and Power Derogation |
411 |
|
|
24.2.2 Appraisal Process |
411 |
|
|
24.2.2.1 Hypervigilance |
413 |
|
|
24.2.2.2 Rumination |
413 |
|
|
24.2.2.3 Exaggerated Self-Reference |
414 |
|
|
24.2.2.4 Exaggerated Perceptions of Conspiracy |
414 |
|
|
24.2.2.5 Actor--Observer Bias |
414 |
|
|
24.2.2.6 Sinister Attribution Error |
415 |
|
|
24.2.2.7 Confirmation Bias |
415 |
|
|
24.2.2.8 Social Information |
415 |
|
|
24.2.3 Righteous Anger and the Desire for Revenge |
416 |
|
|
24.2.3.1 Surprise |
416 |
|
|
24.2.3.2 Intensity |
417 |
|
|
24.2.3.3 Moral Righteousness |
417 |
|
|
24.2.3.4 Fear |
417 |
|
|
24.2.3.5 Rumination |
417 |
|
|
24.2.4 Coping Responses |
418 |
|
|
24.2.4.1 Justification |
418 |
|
|
24.2.4.2 Fantasizing |
418 |
|
|
24.2.4.3 Forgiveness |
419 |
|
|
24.2.4.4 Avoidance |
419 |
|
|
24.2.4.5 Revenge |
419 |
|
|
24.2.4.6 Reconciliation |
420 |
|
|
24.2.5 Moderator Variables |
420 |
|
|
24.2.5.1 Power |
420 |
|
|
24.2.5.2 Procedural Justice Climate |
420 |
|
|
24.2.5.3 Personality Traits |
421 |
|
|
24.3 Sense-Making Gone Really Bad: When Revenge Causes Feuds |
421 |
|
|
24.3.1 Biased Punctuation of Conflict History |
421 |
|
|
24.4 Conclusion |
423 |
|
|
References |
424 |
|
|
Part VIII Clinical Aspects of Anger |
427 |
|
|
25 Anger/Hostility and Cardiovascular Disease |
428 |
|
|
25.1 Trait Anger/Chronic Hostility |
429 |
|
|
25.1.1 New CVD/CHD Events |
429 |
|
|
25.1.2 Recurrent CVD/CHD Events |
431 |
|
|
25.1.3 Stroke |
432 |
|
|
25.1.4 Atherosclerosis |
432 |
|
|
25.2 Anger Expression and Control |
433 |
|
|
25.2.1 New CVD/CHD Events |
433 |
|
|
25.2.2 Stroke |
434 |
|
|
25.2.3 Atherosclerosis |
434 |
|
|
25.3 Acute Anger Episodes |
434 |
|
|
25.4 Putative Mechanisms |
435 |
|
|
25.5 Summary and Conclusions |
437 |
|
|
References |
437 |
|
|
26 The Anger of Pain Sufferers: Attributions to Agents and Appraisalsof Wrongdoings |
441 |
|
|
26.1 Introduction |
441 |
|
|
26.2 Phenomenon of Anger |
442 |
|
|
26.2.1 Anger Versus Aggression |
443 |
|
|
26.3 The Anger of Pain: Where Is the Provocation or Wrongdoing? |
443 |
|
|
26.3.1 Pain Personified |
444 |
|
|
26.3.2 Anger Deflected |
444 |
|
|
26.4 Targets of Anger |
445 |
|
|
26.4.1 The Arch Perpetrator |
445 |
|
|
26.4.2 Health-Care Providers |
445 |
|
|
26.4.3 Mental Health Professionals |
447 |
|
|
26.4.4 Insurance Carriers, Legal Systems, and Employers |
447 |
|
|
26.4.5 Et Tu Significant Other? |
448 |
|
|
26.4.6 The Whole World and God |
449 |
|
|
26.5 The Anger of Pain: Non-cognitive Mechanisms? |
449 |
|
|
26.6 Other Interactions Between Anger and Pain |
451 |
|
|
26.6.1 Anger as Co-occurrent |
451 |
|
|
26.6.2 Anger as Correlate |
451 |
|
|
26.6.3 Anger as Predisposing Factor |
451 |
|
|
26.6.4 Anger as Precipitant |
452 |
|
|
26.6.5 Anger as Exacerbating Factor |
452 |
|
|
26.6.6 Anger as Perpetuating Factor |
452 |
|
|
26.6.7 Anger as Consequence |
453 |
|
|
26.7 Conclusion |
453 |
|
|
References |
453 |
|
|
27 Anger and Psychopathology |
457 |
|
|
27.1 Current Contextual Background |
459 |
|
|
27.2 Anger and Psychotic Disorders |
460 |
|
|
27.2.1 Temporary ''Insanity'' and the Provocation Defense |
463 |
|
|
27.3 Anger and Mood Disorders |
464 |
|
|
27.3.1 Anger, Depression, and Violence |
466 |
|
|
27.4 Anger and Anxiety Disorders |
467 |
|
|
27.4.1 Anger and PTSD |
468 |
|
|
27.5 Intermittent Explosive Disorder |
470 |
|
|
27.6 Anger and Personality Disorder |
471 |
|
|
27.6.1 Paranoid Personality |
471 |
|
|
27.6.2 Borderline Personality |
472 |
|
|
27.6.3 Antisocial Personality |
473 |
|
|
27.6.4 Narcissistic Personality |
474 |
|
|
27.7 Anger and Intellectual Disabilities (Mental Retardation) |
475 |
|
|
27.8 Anger and Dementia |
476 |
|
|
27.9 Concluding Reflections on Anger and Psychopathology |
477 |
|
|
References |
478 |
|
|
28 Toward an Integrative Psychotherapy for Maladaptive Anger |
490 |
|
|
28.1 Introduction |
490 |
|
|
28.1.1 Why Treat Anger? |
491 |
|
|
28.1.2 The Target of Anger Treatment |
492 |
|
|
28.2 Past Prescriptions for Anger Management |
492 |
|
|
28.2.1 Standalone Techniques |
492 |
|
|
28.2.2 Philosophico-Religious Approaches |
493 |
|
|
28.2.3 Psychological Approaches |
493 |
|
|
28.2.4 Combinations of Techniques |
494 |
|
|
28.3 An Integrative Program for Anger Regulation |
495 |
|
|
28.3.1 The Prevention Phase |
497 |
|
|
28.3.2 The Intervention Phase |
498 |
|
|
28.3.3 The Postvention Phase |
499 |
|
|
28.3.4 CBAT Outcome |
500 |
|
|
28.4 Further Considerations |
501 |
|
|
References |
501 |
|
|
Part IX Conflict and Anger in Family, Workplace, and Community |
505 |
|
|
29 The Contribution of Child Anger and Fear, and Parental Discipline to Early Antisocial Behavior: An Integrative Model |
506 |
|
|
29.1 Introduction |
506 |
|
|
29.2 Development of Antisocial Behavior |
507 |
|
|
29.3 EmotionalMotivational Processes and Frontal Executive Regulation |
509 |
|
|
29.4 Social Learning in ChildParent Interaction |
510 |
|
|
29.5 An Integrative Model of Emotion Regulation, Family Processes, and the Development of Antisocial Behavior |
511 |
|
|
29.6 An Empirical Test of the Model |
513 |
|
|
29.6.1 Child P-AGG and COV |
513 |
|
|
29.6.2 Discipline |
514 |
|
|
29.6.3 Discipline and P-AGG and COV |
514 |
|
|
29.7 Child Emotional Reactivity and Frontal Executive Regulation |
515 |
|
|
29.8 Tests of the Integrated Model |
516 |
|
|
29.8.1 Main Effects of Discipline |
517 |
|
|
29.8.2 Main Effects of Child Anger, Fear, and Executive Control |
518 |
|
|
29.8.3 Synergistic Effects of Discipline and Child Self-regulation |
518 |
|
|
29.8.4 Summary of Findings |
518 |
|
|
29.9 Research on Emotions: Implications, Extensions, and New Opportunities |
519 |
|
|
29.9.1 Implications |
519 |
|
|
29.9.2 Extensions |
520 |
|
|
29.9.3 New Opportunities |
520 |
|
|
References |
521 |
|
|
30 Anger in Intimate Relationships |
524 |
|
|
30.1 Anger in Intimate Relationships |
524 |
|
|
30.2 Trait Anger in Intimately Violent Males |
525 |
|
|
30.3 Anger as an Attachment Response |
525 |
|
|
30.4 Anger as a Symptom of Personality Disorder |
526 |
|
|
30.5 Conflict Studies |
527 |
|
|
30.6 The Articulated Thoughts in Simulated Situations Technique |
529 |
|
|
30.7 Anger in Abusive Females |
530 |
|
|
30.8 Interactive Anger Expression |
530 |
|
|
References |
532 |
|
|
31 Don't Worry, Be Angry? Effects of Anger on Feelings, Thoughts, and Actions in Conflict and Negotiation |
534 |
|
|
31.1 Intrapersonal Effects |
535 |
|
|
31.1.1 Feelings |
535 |
|
|
31.1.2 Thoughts |
536 |
|
|
31.1.3 Actions |
537 |
|
|
31.1.4 Recap and Remarks |
538 |
|
|
31.2 Interpersonal Effects |
539 |
|
|
31.2.1 Feelings |
539 |
|
|
31.2.2 Thoughts |
539 |
|
|
31.2.3 Actions |
540 |
|
|
31.2.3.1 From Feeling to Acting |
540 |
|
|
31.2.3.2 From Thinking to Acting |
541 |
|
|
31.2.3.3 Moderators |
541 |
|
|
31.2.3.4 Integrating Feelings, Thoughts, and Actions |
542 |
|
|
31.2.4 Recap and Remarks |
543 |
|
|
31.3 Conclusion |
544 |
|
|
References |
545 |
|
|
32 Anger, Violence, and Political Science |
549 |
|
|
32.1 Introduction |
549 |
|
|
32.2 Political Violence and Political Science |
550 |
|
|
32.3 Anger and Political Violence |
554 |
|
|
32.3.1 Problems with the Psychology Approach to Anger |
556 |
|
|
32.3.2 Developing an Analytical Framework Based on an Understanding of Emotion and Anger |
557 |
|
|
32.4 Application to Colombia This section is from Roger Petersen and Sarah Zukermans Revenge or Reconciliation: Theory and Method of Emotions in the Context of Colombias Peace Process , 2009 in the Peace Research Institute of Oslos Forum for International Criminal Justice and Conflict publication series. Spanish version to be published in Colombia by the Vice Presidency and the Universidad del Rosario Press. |
562 |
|
|
32.5 Generating Hypotheses from a Conceptual Framework of Anger |
564 |
|
|
32.6 Conclusions |
566 |
|
|
References |
567 |
|
|
Subject Index |
570 |
|