Contents	6
	Contributors	12
	Acknowledgements	15
	Preface	17
	Chapter 1 Location Based Services	20
	1. INTRODUCTION	20
	2. LOCATION BASED SERVICES	21
	3. LBS PROTOTYPES	22
	4. APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACES	23
	4.1 CDMA2000 LBS Applications	23
	4.2 MLP	26
	5. SUMMARY	29
	6. REFERENCES	30
	Chapter 2 Geolocation on Cellular Networks	32
	1. INTRODUCTION	32
	2. EXISTING AND FUTURE CELLULAR NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES	33
	3. GSM AND ITS SUCCESSORS	35
	4. THE GSM LOCATION SERVICES FRAMEWORK	40
	5. MOBILE POSITIONING METHODS	45
	5.1 Cell Identity	46
	5.2 Time of Arrival and Time Difference of Arrival	47
	5.3 Enhanced Observed Time Difference	49
	5.4 Observed Time Difference of Arrival with Idle Periods in the Downlink	51
	5.5 Advanced Forward Link Trilateration	51
	5.6 (Assisted) Global Positioning System	52
	5.7 Comparison of the Positioning Methods	54
	6. GEOGRAPHICAL AREA DESCRIPTION	56
	7. POSITIONING PROCEDURES IN THE LOCATION SERVICES FRAMEWORK	58
	7.1 Mobile Originating Location Request (MO-LR)	59
	7.2 Mobile Terminating Location Request (MT-LR)	61
	7.3 Mobile Terminating Deferred Location Request (Deferred MT-LR)	63
	7.4 Network Induced Location Request (NI-LR)	64
	8. SUMMARY	64
	REFERRED STANDARDS	67
	Chapter 3 Location Service in CDMA2000 Networks	70
	1. INTRODUCTION	70
	2. LOCATION SERVICE BASED ON IS-41 NETWORK	72
	2.1 IS-41 Based Network Reference Model for Location Service	72
	2.2 Location Service Control	73
	2.3 Position Determination	74
	2.4 Location Service Procedure	75
	2.4.1 Registration Procedure	75
	2.4.2 Location Information Retrieval Procedure	75
	2.4.3 MS Assisted Position Determination Procedure	77
	2.5 Application Examples	79
	2.5.1 Find Nearest McDonald Restaurant	79
	2.5.2 Emergency Service Call	80
	3. LOCATION SERVICE IN ALL-IP NETWORK	81
	3.1 All-IP Network Reference Model for Location Service	81
	3.2 Position Service Registration in All-IP Network	83
	3.3 Location Service Scenario	84
	4. CONCLUSION	85
	References	86
	Chapter 4 Application of Location Information to SIP	88
	1. INTRODUCTION	88
	2. THE SESSION INITIATION PROTOCOL	89
	2.1 The SIP Protocol	90
	2.2 The SIP Architecture	91
	2.3 SIP in Wired Networks	94
	2.3.1 SIP within ISP	94
	2.3.2 Providing Location Data in Wired Networks	94
	2.4 SIP in Wireless Networks	95
	2.4.1 UMTS Architecture	95
	2.4.2 Provisioning Location Data in UMTS networks	98
	3. SIP SERVICE PROVISIONING	98
	3.1 SIP Mechanisms for Services Provisioning	99
	3.2 SIP Services Provisioning	100
	3.3 Architecture and Data Formats for Location Information	100
	3.3.1 Location Interoperability Forum	101
	3.3.1.1 Mobile Location Protocol Specification	104
	3.3.1.2 LIF Service Example	105
	3.3.1.3 LIF Location Structure	106
	3.3.2 WAP Forum	107
	3.3.2.1 WAP Service Example	109
	3.3.2.2 WAP Location Structure	110
	3.3.3 Spatial Location Information in Fixed IP Networks	111
	3.4 Location Based Services Scenarios	113
	3.4.1 Emergency Call	114
	3.4.2 Location Based Supplementary Services	118
	3.4.2.1 Push Services	118
	3.4.2.2 Pull Services	119
	3.4.3 Service Discovery	121
	3.4.4 Security at SIP Layer	121
	4. CONCLUSION	123
	4.1 Security	123
	5. REFERENCES	124
	Chapter 5 Protocols for Updating Highly Accurate Location Information	130
	1. INTRODUCTION	130
	2. BACKGROUND	132
	2.1 Positioning Sensors	132
	2.2 Network Environment	132
	3. UPDATE PROTOCOLS	133
	3.1 Classification	134
	3.1.1 Querying Protocols	134
	3.1.2 Reporting Protocols	136
	3.1.3 Combined Protocol	139
	3.2 Behavior in Case of Disconnection	140
	3.2.1 Querying Protocols	141
	3.2.2 Reporting Protocols	141
	3.2.3 Combined Protocol	141
	3.3 Summary	141
	4. ANALYTICAL COMPARISON OF THE PROTOCOLS	142
	4.1 Location and Uncertainty Model	144
	4.2 Querying Protocols	146
	4.3 Reporting Protocols	147
	4.4 Combined Protocol	149
	4.5 Discussion	150
	5. SIMULATION RESULTS	154
	6. CONCLUSION	158
	Literature	159
	Chapter 6 Geographic Search Engines	162
	1. INTRODUCTION	162
	2. HTML MARKUP	163
	3. WEB TRAVERSAL AND INDEXING	164
	4. SEARCH ALGORITHM	165
	5. PRESENTATION14	166
	6. MAP CACHING	168
	7. MOBILE APPLICATIONS	169
	8. GEOGRAPHIC DATUM	170
	9. ADVANCED GEOGRAPHIC SEARCHING	170
	9.1 Keywordless Searching	171
	9.2 Keywordless Search Algorithms	172
	9.3 Applications of Keywordless Search	173
	9.4 Zipcode Searching	176
	10. PROPERTY RIGHTS ISSUES	177
	11. REFERENCES	177
	Chapter 7 The Elements of Location Tracking and Privacy Protection	182
	1. THE CRITICAL NEED FOR PRIVACY PROTECTION	182
	2. DIVERSITY OF LOCATION SERVICE SCENARIOS	184
	2.1 Open or Closed Location Environments	184
	2.2 Tracking a Person or a Thing	185
	2.3 Fixed or Mobile Locations	185
	2.4 Private or Public Raw Location Data	186
	3. THE ELEMENTS OF LOCATION COMPUTATION	187
	3.1 A Framework to Describe Location Computation Scenarios	187
	3.2 The Basic Location Computation Scenarios	189
	3.3 Examples of Scenarios	190
	4. AFTER THE LOCATION COMPUTATION	191
	5. PRIVACY RULES AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT	192
	5.1 General Elements of Privacy	192
	5.2 Specific Elements of Location Privacy	193
	5.3 A Critical Need for Strong Default Privacy Rules	194
	5.4 Implications of the Location Computation Scenarios	195
	5.5 Possible Technological Considerations	196
	6. CONCLUSION	197
	7. REFERENCES	197
	Chapter 8 Location Information Privacy	198
	1. OVERVIEW	198
	2. MOTIVATION: THE PROBLEM	200
	3. FRAMEWORK: ENTITIES, FLOWS, SCENARIOS	201
	3.1 Entities	201
	3.2 Data	204
	3.2.1 Sighting	204
	3.2.2 Location	205
	3.2.3 Identities and Credentials	206
	3.2.4 Policies	207
	3.3 Data Flows	208
	3.4 Scenarios	209
	3.4.1 Scenario 1: The Handset-based Solution	210
	3.4.2 Scenario 2: A Network-Based Location Data Source	211
	3.4.3 Scenario 3: External Location Server	212
	3.4.4 Scenario 4: External Location Server and Location Recipients	213
	3.4.5 Scenario 5: External Location Data Source and Location Server	214
	3.4.6 Scenario 6: Untrusted Local Location Server	216
	4. IDENTITY MANAGEMENT	216
	4.1 Privacy: Definitions	216
	4.1.1 Other considerations	218
	4.1.1.1 Traffic Analysis	218
	4.1.1.2 Related Privacy-Protecting Efforts	218
	4.2 Identity of Users, Location Recipients	219
	4.2.1 Public Identities	219
	4.2.2 Private Identifiers	222
	4.2.3 Some Realizations of the Identity/credential Requirements	224
	5. SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS	225
	6. REFERENCES	227
	Index	232
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