|
Foreword |
6 |
|
|
Preface |
8 |
|
|
Acknowledgments |
10 |
|
|
Contents |
12 |
|
|
Contributors |
16 |
|
|
Part I Fundamentals of Athletic Footwear and Orthoses |
18 |
|
|
1 Evolution of Athletic Footwear |
19 |
|
|
History of the Running Shoe |
19 |
|
|
Ancient History |
19 |
|
|
The Running Shoe Revolution |
20 |
|
|
Reebok Begins the Race |
20 |
|
|
The Amazing Dassler Brothers |
21 |
|
|
Tiger Shoes and ASICS Join the Chase |
21 |
|
|
New Balance and Intelligent Design |
21 |
|
|
The Modest Beginnings of the Nike Shoe Empire |
22 |
|
|
Breakthrough by Brooks |
22 |
|
|
Key Contributors in Athletic Shoe Development |
22 |
|
|
Early Research on Athletic Shoes |
26 |
|
|
Running Shoe Anatomy: Past and Present |
27 |
|
|
The Upper |
28 |
|
|
Upper Materials: Past and Present |
28 |
|
|
The Bottom |
29 |
|
|
Materials: Past and Present |
29 |
|
|
Wedges |
30 |
|
|
Outsole |
30 |
|
|
Insole and Sockliner |
31 |
|
|
Putting It All Together |
31 |
|
|
References |
32 |
|
|
2 Evolution of Foot Orthoses in Sports |
34 |
|
|
Definition of Foot Orthoses |
34 |
|
|
Historical Evolution of Foot Orthoses |
35 |
|
|
Research and Theory on Orthosis Function |
35 |
|
|
Research on Therapeutic Effectiveness of Orthoses |
36 |
|
|
Theories of Foot Orthosis Function |
37 |
|
|
Research on Biomechanical Effects of Foot Orthoses |
43 |
|
|
Foot Orthoses Alter Foot and Lower Extremity Kinematics and Kinetics |
44 |
|
|
Foot Orthoses Alter Contractile Activity of Lower Extremity Muscles |
45 |
|
|
Foot Orthoses Improve Postural Stability |
45 |
|
|
Foot Orthoses Reduce Plantar Forces and Pressures |
46 |
|
|
Conclusion |
47 |
|
|
References |
47 |
|
|
3 Athletic Foot Types and Deformities |
51 |
|
|
Normal Foot Motion and Biomechanics During Gait |
51 |
|
|
Foot Types |
52 |
|
|
Functional Foot Disorders |
53 |
|
|
Examples of Foot Deformities in Athletes |
53 |
|
|
Lower Extremity Pathology |
54 |
|
|
Calcaneal Apophysitis |
54 |
|
|
Kohler's Disease |
54 |
|
|
Freiberg's Disease |
55 |
|
|
Heel Spur Syndrome or Plantar Fasciitis |
55 |
|
|
Sesamoiditis |
56 |
|
|
Stress Fracture |
56 |
|
|
Ankle Sprains |
56 |
|
|
Patellofemoral Dysfunction |
58 |
|
|
Interdigital Neuroma |
58 |
|
|
Achilles Tendonitis |
58 |
|
|
Posterior Tibial Tendonitis |
58 |
|
|
Hallux Abducto Valgus |
58 |
|
|
Hammer Toe Deformity |
59 |
|
|
Tailor's Bunion |
59 |
|
|
Treatment |
60 |
|
|
References |
60 |
|
|
4 Clinical Gait Evaluation of the Athlete |
61 |
|
|
Technology |
62 |
|
|
Digital Video Analysis: 3D Analysis |
62 |
|
|
Digital Video Analysis: 2D Analysis |
63 |
|
|
Pressure Analysis |
63 |
|
|
Methodology |
64 |
|
|
Video Analysis Methodology |
65 |
|
|
In-Shoe Pressure Methodology |
66 |
|
|
Conclusion |
67 |
|
|
References |
68 |
|
|
5 Athletic Shoe Evaluation |
69 |
|
|
Anatomy of an Athletic Shoe |
69 |
|
|
Last |
70 |
|
|
Toe Box |
70 |
|
|
Vamp |
70 |
|
|
Balmoral Versus Blucher |
70 |
|
|
Outer Sole |
70 |
|
|
Midsole |
71 |
|
|
Upper |
71 |
|
|
Heel Counter |
71 |
|
|
Function of Athletic Shoes |
71 |
|
|
Clinical Assessment of Athletic Shoes |
73 |
|
|
Fit |
73 |
|
|
Insoles |
73 |
|
|
Forefoot Flexibility |
74 |
|
|
Midfoot Sagittal Stability |
74 |
|
|
Midfoot Frontal Stability |
74 |
|
|
Lateral Midsole Heel Cushion |
75 |
|
|
Medial Midsole Heel Density |
75 |
|
|
Heel Counter |
75 |
|
|
Outsole Surface Area |
76 |
|
|
Conclusion |
76 |
|
|
6 Athletic Shoe Fit and Modifications |
77 |
|
|
Shoe Fitting |
77 |
|
|
Size |
77 |
|
|
Shape |
78 |
|
|
Stability |
78 |
|
|
Style |
79 |
|
|
Athletic Shoe Modifications |
80 |
|
|
Shoe Stretching |
81 |
|
|
Conclusion |
81 |
|
|
7 Athletic Socks |
82 |
|
|
Historical Background |
82 |
|
|
Basic Sock Design and Construction |
82 |
|
|
Fiber Composition |
84 |
|
|
Moisture Management |
84 |
|
|
Fibers Used for Athletic Socks |
85 |
|
|
Clinical Benefits of Athletic Socks |
87 |
|
|
Impact and Pressure Reduction |
87 |
|
|
Friction Blisters |
88 |
|
|
Potential Clinical Benefits |
89 |
|
|
Conclusion and Recommendations |
89 |
|
|
References |
90 |
|
|
8 Athletic Shoe Lacing in Sports Medicine |
92 |
|
|
Athletic Shoelace Materials |
92 |
|
|
Athletic Shoelace Shapes |
92 |
|
|
Athletic Shoelace Lacing Techniques |
93 |
|
|
Standard Crisscross Lacing Pattern |
93 |
|
|
Non-crossing, Parallel Lacing Pattern |
94 |
|
|
Outside-Eyelet, Crisscross Lacing Pattern |
95 |
|
|
Inside-Eyelet, Crisscross Lacing Pattern |
96 |
|
|
Distal--Medial Eyelet Lacing Technique |
97 |
|
|
Heel Lock Lacing Modification |
97 |
|
|
Open Distal Eyelet Lacing Technique |
98 |
|
|
Open Eyelet Lacing Technique |
98 |
|
|
Athletic Shoelace Technology |
98 |
|
|
Athletic Shoelace Specialized Systems |
99 |
|
|
Athletic Shoelace Lengths |
100 |
|
|
Summary |
100 |
|
|
9 Prefabricated Insoles and Modifications in Sports Medicine |
101 |
|
|
Definitions |
101 |
|
|
Benefits of Insoles |
102 |
|
|
Summary |
106 |
|
|
References |
106 |
|
|
10 Orthodigital Devices in Sports Medicine |
107 |
|
|
Guidelines for Fabrication of an Orthodigital Device |
108 |
|
|
Step-by-Step Process for Fabricating an Orthodigital Device |
108 |
|
|
Summary |
112 |
|
|
References |
113 |
|
|
11 Evidence-Based Orthotic Therapy |
114 |
|
|
Evidence for Orthotic Therapy |
115 |
|
|
Plantar Fasciitis |
116 |
|
|
Functional Hallux Limitus |
118 |
|
|
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome |
119 |
|
|
Knee Pain |
120 |
|
|
Summary |
120 |
|
|
References |
121 |
|
|
12 Custom Foot Orthoses |
123 |
|
|
Material and Flexibility |
124 |
|
|
Correction and Positive Balancing |
125 |
|
|
Orthosis Extensions and Additions |
127 |
|
|
References |
128 |
|
|
13 Ankle Foot Orthoses for the Athlete |
129 |
|
|
Terminology |
129 |
|
|
Types of Ankle Braces and Ankle Foot Orthoses |
129 |
|
|
Treatment Effects of Ankle Braces and Ankle Foot Orthoses |
133 |
|
|
Studies of Kinetics and Kinematics of Ankle Braces |
133 |
|
|
Studies of Kinetics and Kinematics of Ankle Foot Orthoses |
136 |
|
|
Effects of Ankle Bracing on Sports Performance |
137 |
|
|
Balance and Proprioception |
138 |
|
|
Prevention of Injury |
139 |
|
|
Treatment of Injury |
140 |
|
|
Summary |
141 |
|
|
14 Prescribing Athletic Footwear and Orthoses: The Game Plan |
143 |
|
|
The Guidelines for a Customized Footwear Prescription |
143 |
|
|
Determine the Foot Type |
144 |
|
|
Determine the Foot's Function During Gait |
144 |
|
|
Consider Any Foot Pathology |
145 |
|
|
Consider the Size and Weight of the Athlete |
145 |
|
|
Consider the Athlete's Demands from the Sport |
145 |
|
|
Assess Key Features of the Athletic Shoe |
146 |
|
|
Athletic Shoes |
146 |
|
|
Athletic Socks |
149 |
|
|
Athletic Shoe Laces and Lacing Techniques |
149 |
|
|
Pre-fabricated Athletic Shoe Insoles |
149 |
|
|
Athletic Shoe Modifications |
149 |
|
|
Referral for Custom Foot or Ankle Orthoses |
149 |
|
|
Prescribe Athletic Custom Foot Orthoses and Modifications |
150 |
|
|
Prescribe Athletic Ankle Foot Orthoses and Modifications |
150 |
|
|
Follow-Up Re-assessment for Possible Modifications After Wear-Testing |
150 |
|
|
Summary |
150 |
|
|
Part II Sport-Specific Recommendations |
151 |
|
|
15 Walking and Running |
152 |
|
|
Gait Biomechanics: Walking vs. Running |
152 |
|
|
Classification of Running Foot Types |
153 |
|
|
The Neutral Foot |
153 |
|
|
The Pronated Foot |
153 |
|
|
The Cavus Foot |
153 |
|
|
Classification and Selection of a Running Athletic Shoe |
153 |
|
|
Normal Arch |
154 |
|
|
Flatfoot Arch |
154 |
|
|
High Arch |
154 |
|
|
Types of Running Shoes |
155 |
|
|
Running Socks |
156 |
|
|
Custom Running Orthoses |
157 |
|
|
Injuries That Influence Running Shoe Selection |
158 |
|
|
Functional Hallux Limitus |
158 |
|
|
Plantar Fasciitis |
158 |
|
|
Achilles Tendonitis |
158 |
|
|
Anterior Shin Splints |
159 |
|
|
Posterior Shin Splints |
159 |
|
|
Runner's Knee |
159 |
|
|
References |
159 |
|
|
16 Racing, Cross-Country, and Track and Field |
160 |
|
|
Purpose of Specialized Shoes |
160 |
|
|
Types of Racing Shoes |
161 |
|
|
Lightweight Trainer |
161 |
|
|
Road Racing Flat |
161 |
|
|
Spike Plate |
161 |
|
|
Cross-Country |
162 |
|
|
Track and Field |
163 |
|
|
Sprints |
163 |
|
|
Middle and Long Distance |
163 |
|
|
Jumps |
164 |
|
|
Throws |
165 |
|
|
Putting It All Together |
165 |
|
|
Spikes |
166 |
|
|
Training |
166 |
|
|
Skin Issues |
167 |
|
|
Support |
167 |
|
|
17 Triathlon and Duathlon |
170 |
|
|
Overuse Injuries |
171 |
|
|
The Act of Running: Single Support and Double Float (Swing) |
172 |
|
|
The Act of Cycling: Spinning Through Power and Recovery Phases |
175 |
|
|
Biomechanic Role of the Foot |
176 |
|
|
Anatomy of a Triathletes Running and Cycling Shoes |
178 |
|
|
The Running Shoe |
178 |
|
|
The Cycling Shoe |
181 |
|
|
Classifying Running Shoes |
183 |
|
|
Finding the Perfect Triathlon Shoe |
184 |
|
|
Pedal and Cleat Systems |
187 |
|
|
Socks for the Triathlete |
187 |
|
|
Foot Orthoses Success |
189 |
|
|
The Athlete and Overuse Injuries |
198 |
|
|
The Older-Aged Triathlete |
198 |
|
|
18 Cycling |
201 |
|
|
Cycling Biomechanics and Considerations |
201 |
|
|
The Pedal Cycle |
202 |
|
|
Pedaling Technique |
203 |
|
|
Pedaling Forces |
204 |
|
|
Cycling Injuries and Risk Factors |
204 |
|
|
Cycling Footwear |
205 |
|
|
Cycling Shoe Fit |
206 |
|
|
Cycling Shoe Construction |
206 |
|
|
Road Cycling Shoe Construction |
206 |
|
|
Sport Cycling Shoe Construction |
209 |
|
|
Mountain Biking Shoe Construction |
210 |
|
|
Cycling Cleats |
211 |
|
|
Pedals |
213 |
|
|
Foot Position on the Pedal |
214 |
|
|
Cycling Insoles |
214 |
|
|
Cycling Orthoses |
215 |
|
|
Socks |
216 |
|
|
Footwear Recommendations and Modifications for Prevention and Treatment of Injury |
216 |
|
|
Knee Pain |
216 |
|
|
Iliotibial Band Syndrome |
217 |
|
|
Limb Length Inequality |
217 |
|
|
Achilles Tendon and Posterior Heel Pain |
218 |
|
|
Plantar Fasciitis |
218 |
|
|
Forefoot Pain and Injuries |
218 |
|
|
The Future of Cycling Footwear |
219 |
|
|
References |
219 |
|
|
19 Racquet Sports: Tennis, Badminton, Squash, Racquetball, and Handball |
222 |
|
|
Court Design and Surfaces |
222 |
|
|
Biomechanical Demands of Racquet Sports |
223 |
|
|
Common Injuries |
223 |
|
|
Racquet Shoe Design |
224 |
|
|
Injury Prevention |
225 |
|
|
Performance |
226 |
|
|
Comfort |
227 |
|
|
Desirable Features of A Court Shoe |
228 |
|
|
Orthoses |
228 |
|
|
Summary |
229 |
|
|
References |
229 |
|
|
20 Football |
231 |
|
|
Foot Structure as It Relates Specifically to Football |
234 |
|
|
The Rectus Foot Type |
234 |
|
|
The Pronated Foot Type |
234 |
|
|
The Supinated Foot Type |
235 |
|
|
Footwear Recommendations |
237 |
|
|
Historical Background |
237 |
|
|
Cleat Selection |
238 |
|
|
Materials |
238 |
|
|
Lacing Techniques |
239 |
|
|
Ankle Spatting |
239 |
|
|
Ankle Bracing |
239 |
|
|
Orthoses |
239 |
|
|
Sock Selection |
240 |
|
|
Footwear Recommendations for Common Football Pathologies |
240 |
|
|
Turf Toe |
240 |
|
|
Sesamoiditis |
240 |
|
|
Neuroma |
241 |
|
|
Metatarsalgia |
241 |
|
|
Lateral Ankle Sprains |
242 |
|
|
Syndesmotic Ankle Sprains |
242 |
|
|
References |
242 |
|
|
21 Soccer |
244 |
|
|
Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Considerations of Soccer |
244 |
|
|
General Footwear Recommendations |
245 |
|
|
Anatomy of a Soccer Shoe |
245 |
|
|
Upper Materials |
245 |
|
|
Outsole Materials |
246 |
|
|
Molded Shoes |
246 |
|
|
Detachable Cleats |
246 |
|
|
Turfs |
247 |
|
|
Hybrid |
247 |
|
|
Indoor |
248 |
|
|
Midsole |
248 |
|
|
Lacing |
248 |
|
|
Shin Guards |
248 |
|
|
Orthoses |
248 |
|
|
Common Injuries and Preventions |
249 |
|
|
Apophysitis |
249 |
|
|
Plantar Fasciitis |
249 |
|
|
Achilles Tendonitis |
250 |
|
|
Soccer Toe |
250 |
|
|
Inversion Injuries |
250 |
|
|
Conclusion |
250 |
|
|
References |
251 |
|
|
22 Skating |
252 |
|
|
Hockey Skate Boots |
252 |
|
|
Goalie Skates |
254 |
|
|
In-Line Skates |
255 |
|
|
Figure Skates |
255 |
|
|
Speed Skates |
257 |
|
|
Biomechanics |
257 |
|
|
Clinical Injury Perspective |
258 |
|
|
Clinical Biomechanical Balance |
259 |
|
|
Step 1: Foot Balance Within Boot-Custom Foot Orthosis |
259 |
|
|
Step 2: Blade Balance |
261 |
|
|
Case 1: Moderate Pronation |
265 |
|
|
Case 2: Moderate--Severe Pronation |
266 |
|
|
Case 3: Supinated Pes Cavus Foot Type |
268 |
|
|
Conclusion |
269 |
|
|
References |
270 |
|
|
23 Skiing and Snowboarding |
272 |
|
|
Downhill Skiing |
272 |
|
|
Tibial Varum |
274 |
|
|
Tibial Valgum |
274 |
|
|
Forefoot Varus |
275 |
|
|
Snowboarding |
276 |
|
|
Cross-Country Skiing |
277 |
|
|
References |
278 |
|
|
24 Basketball and Volleyball |
280 |
|
|
Custom Foot Orthoses |
282 |
|
|
Sport-Specific Pathology |
283 |
|
|
Lateral Ankle Sprain |
283 |
|
|
Plantar Fasciitis |
283 |
|
|
Other Injuries |
284 |
|
|
Jones Fracture |
284 |
|
|
Summary |
284 |
|
|
References |
285 |
|
|
25 Aerobic Dance and Cheerleading |
287 |
|
|
Aerobic Dance |
287 |
|
|
Urban Rebounding |
290 |
|
|
Kickboxing |
291 |
|
|
Cheerleading |
291 |
|
|
References |
294 |
|
|
26 Dance |
295 |
|
|
Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Considerations in the Evaluation of the Dancer |
295 |
|
|
The Foot |
296 |
|
|
The Functional Examination |
297 |
|
|
The Knee |
298 |
|
|
The Hip |
298 |
|
|
General Flexibility and Strength |
299 |
|
|
What to Look for at the Foot and Ankle |
299 |
|
|
The Ankle Joint |
301 |
|
|
The Midtarsal Joint |
301 |
|
|
Footwear Recommendations and Modifications |
302 |
|
|
Foot Hygiene |
303 |
|
|
References |
304 |
|
|
27 Baseball and Softball |
306 |
|
|
Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Considerations of Baseball and Softball |
306 |
|
|
General Footwear Recommendations |
307 |
|
|
Footwear Modifications |
307 |
|
|
Pathology Specific (Acute and Chronic) |
307 |
|
|
References |
309 |
|
|
28 Special Olympics |
310 |
|
|
References |
321 |
|
|
Part III Coding and Billing |
322 |
|
|
29 Durable Medical Equipment and Coding in Sports Medicine |
323 |
|
|
Definition |
323 |
|
|
Durability |
324 |
|
|
Medical Equipment |
324 |
|
|
Medically Necessary |
324 |
|
|
Not Medically Necessary |
325 |
|
|
Licensure |
325 |
|
|
Assignment |
326 |
|
|
Participating Supplier |
326 |
|
|
Non-participating Supplier |
326 |
|
|
FEE Schedule |
327 |
|
|
Communication |
328 |
|
|
Office Forms/Policies |
328 |
|
|
Billing Protocols |
328 |
|
|
NPI Number |
329 |
|
|
Place of Service |
329 |
|
|
Obtaining a Denial |
329 |
|
|
Incorrect or Overpayment |
330 |
|
|
Modifiers |
330 |
|
|
Deductibles and Deposits |
331 |
|
|
Sales Tax |
331 |
|
|
Dispensing Requirements |
331 |
|
|
Patient Education |
332 |
|
|
Replacement Interval |
332 |
|
|
Inability to Deliver DME |
332 |
|
|
Specific Items |
333 |
|
|
Orthoses |
333 |
|
|
Custom Foot Orthoses |
333 |
|
|
Biomechanical Examination |
334 |
|
|
Gait Analysis |
334 |
|
|
Orthoses HCPCS Codes |
334 |
|
|
Orthosis Modifications |
335 |
|
|
E/M Services with Regard to Orthosis Management |
335 |
|
|
Postoperative/Wooden Shoes/Cast Shoes |
336 |
|
|
Covered Items |
336 |
|
|
Non-covered Items |
336 |
|
|
Strapping |
337 |
|
|
Casts |
337 |
|
|
Billing Scenario |
337 |
|
|
Visit 1 |
337 |
|
|
Sample Billing |
338 |
|
|
Visit 2 |
338 |
|
|
Sample Billing |
338 |
|
|
Visit 3 |
339 |
|
|
Sample Billing |
339 |
|
|
Visit 4 |
339 |
|
|
Sample Billing |
339 |
|
|
Visit 5 |
339 |
|
|
Sample Billing |
340 |
|
|
Further Follow-Up |
340 |
|
|
Visit 6 |
340 |
|
|
Sample Billing |
340 |
|
|
Visit 7 |
340 |
|
|
Sample Billing |
340 |
|
|
Visit 8 |
341 |
|
|
Sample Billing |
341 |
|
|
Visit 9 |
341 |
|
|
Sample Billing |
341 |
|
|
Visit 10 |
341 |
|
|
Sample Billing |
342 |
|
|
Visit 11 |
342 |
|
|
Sample Billing |
342 |
|
|
Conclusion |
342 |
|
|
Index |
343 |
|