Foreword I	6
	Foreword II	8
	Preface	10
	About the Editor	12
	Contents	14
	Part I: General Concepts	17
	1: Epidemiology in Professional Footballers	18
	1.1 Methodology	18
	1.2 Main Challenges	19
	1.3 Epidemiological Researches in Professional Football	19
	1.4 Injury Incidence	19
	1.5 Match and Training Injury Rates	20
	1.6 Reinjuries	20
	1.7 Types and Locations of Injury	20
	1.8 Overuse and Traumatic Injuries	21
	1.9 Injury Trends	21
	1.10 Women Football	22
	1.11 Youth Football	22
	1.12 Influence of the Medical Staff on Injuries	22
	References	22
	2: Epidemiology in Young Football Players	25
	2.1 Introduction	25
	2.2 Injury Incidence and Prevalence	25
	2.3 Injury Characteristics	26
	2.3.1 Mechanisms of Injury	26
	2.3.2 Location of Injury	26
	2.3.3 Type of Injury	28
	2.3.4 Severity of Injury and Return to Play	28
	2.4 Injury Types of Particular Relevance in Youth Football	29
	2.4.1 Strains and Sprains	29
	2.4.2 Fractures	29
	2.4.3 Overuse Complaints Related to Growth and Maturation	29
	2.4.4 Head Injuries and Concussions	30
	2.5 Conclusions and Potential for Injury Prevention	30
	References	31
	3: Epidemiology in Female Football Players	34
	3.1 Introduction	34
	3.2 Injury Rate	35
	3.3 Type and Location of Injury	36
	3.4 Long-Term Health Consequences	36
	Conclusion	38
	References	38
	4: Risk Factors	41
	4.1 Risk Factors	41
	4.2 Intrinsic Risk Factors	41
	4.3 Extrinsic Risk Factors	42
	References	44
	5: Football Injury Prevention	46
	5.1 Introduction	46
	5.2 Why Is Injury Prevention Important?	46
	5.3 Injury Prevention Research	47
	5.4 Prevention of Injuries: Scientific Evidence	47
	5.5 Development and Research Around FIFA 11+	49
	5.6 Dissemination/Implementation of FIFA 11+	51
	5.7 Challenges I: Injury Prevention to the Pitch	51
	5.8 Challenges II: At Professional Level	53
	5.9 Special Group: Referees	55
	Conclusions	55
	References	55
	6: Preseason Evaluation	58
	Conclusion	60
	7: Trauma Management in the Field	61
	7.1 Introduction	61
	7.1.1 Emergency Personnel	61
	7.1.2 Emergency Communication	62
	7.1.3 Emergency Equipment	62
	7.1.3.1 Medical Emergency Transportation	62
	7.2 On-the-Field Injury Assessment	63
	7.2.1 Primary Survey	63
	7.2.2 Secondary Survey	65
	7.3 Controlling Bleeding	65
	7.4 Emergency Splinting	66
	7.4.1 Splinting Principles	67
	7.4.2 Type of Splinting	67
	7.4.3 Injury-Specific Splints	67
	7.5 Immediate Treatment Following Acute Musculoskeletal Injury	69
	7.6 Moving and Transporting the Injured Athlete	70
	7.6.1 Suspected Spinal Injury	70
	7.6.2 Stretcher Carrying	71
	7.6.3 Ambulatory Aid	71
	7.6.4 Manual Conveyance	72
	7.7 Conclusions: Key Points	72
	References	72
	Part II: Specific Injuries	73
	8: Muscle Lesions	74
	8.1 Aetiology	74
	8.1.1 Contusions	74
	8.1.2 Muscle Tears	74
	8.1.2.1 Lacerations	76
	8.1.2.2 Ischaemia	76
	8.1.2.3 Drug Toxicity	76
	8.2 Injury Mechanism	76
	8.2.1 Contusions	76
	8.2.2 Muscle Tears	77
	8.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination	77
	8.4 Treatment Strategy	79
	8.4.1 Rehabilitation and Return to Play	81
	8.4.2 Return to Play	82
	References	82
	9: Hamstring Injuries	85
	9.1 Hamstring Strain Injuries	85
	9.2 Mechanisms of Causes of Injury	86
	9.3 Diagnosis	87
	9.4 Prognosis	88
	9.5 Risk Factors	88
	9.6 Prevention	92
	9.7 Basic Principles of Treatment	93
	9.8 Acute Phase	93
	9.9 Remodeling Phase	94
	9.10 Functional Recovery Phase	94
	References	96
	10: Patellar and Quadriceps Tendinopathy	100
	10.1 Introduction	100
	10.2 Epidemiology and Predisposing Factors	100
	10.3 Symptomatology and Classification	101
	10.4 Radiological Findings	102
	10.5 Anatomo-pathology	102
	10.6 Treatment	102
	10.7 Patellar Tendon Rupture	103
	References	104
	11: Return to Play After a Muscle Lesion	106
	11.1 Introduction	106
	11.2 Indirect Lesion of the Hamstring	107
	11.3 Hamstring Lesion and Risk of Recurrence	107
	11.4 Clinical Examination	108
	11.5 Imaging Examination	108
	11.6 Dynamometric Evaluation	108
	11.7 Field Tests	110
	11.8 General Parameters	111
	11.9 Aerobic Aspects	113
	Conclusions	114
	References	114
	12: Shoulder Injuries in Goalkeepers	116
	12.1 Aetiology	116
	12.2 Injury Mechanism	117
	12.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination	118
	12.4 Treatment Strategy	119
	12.4.1 Tricks and Tips	122
	12.4.2 Pectoralis Major Tear	122
	12.5 Rehabilitation and Return to Play	122
	12.5.1 Rotator Cuff Repair	122
	12.5.2 Anterior Capsulolabral Procedure	123
	12.5.3 Pectoralis Major Repair	123
	References	123
	13: Acromioclavicular Dislocation	125
	13.1 Epidemiology and Incidence	125
	13.2 Etiopathogenesis	125
	13.3 Pathoanatomical Classification	126
	13.4 Clinical Examination	126
	13.5 Diagnosis	128
	13.5.1 Radiography	128
	13.5.2 Computed Tomography (CT)	128
	13.5.3 Magnetic Resonance (MR) Imaging and MR Arthrography	129
	13.6 Treatment	129
	References	132
	14: Knee Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries	133
	14.1 Etiology/Epidemiology/Anatomy and Biomechanics	133
	14.2 Injury Mechanism	134
	14.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination	135
	14.4 Treatment Strategy	135
	14.4.1 Acute Injury Grade 3 MCL Injury	136
	14.4.1.1 Technique	136
	14.4.2 Surgical Treatment Chronic Injury	136
	14.4.2.1 Complications	136
	14.5 Rehabilitation and Return to Play	137
	14.5.1 Mild MCL Injury	137
	14.5.2 Moderate-to-Severe MCL Injury	137
	14.6 Complications of Nonoperative Treatment	138
	14.6.1 Postoperative Care	138
	References	138
	15: Injuries of the Lateral Collateral Ligament and Posterolateral Corner of the Knee	141
	15.1 Introduction	141
	15.2 Anatomy	141
	15.3 Biomechanics	143
	15.4 Clinical Diagnosis	143
	15.5 Imaging	144
	15.6 Treatment Strategy	145
	15.6.1 Nonoperative Treatment	145
	15.6.2 Operative Treatment	145
	15.6.2.1 Surgical Approach	146
	15.6.2.2 Primary Repair	146
	15.6.2.3 Augmentation	146
	15.6.2.4 Proximal Tibial Osteotomy	147
	15.6.3 Postoperative Rehabilitation	148
	References	148
	16: Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Lesions	151
	16.1 Epidemiology	151
	16.1.1 Age	151
	16.1.2 Match Play	151
	16.1.3 Gender	152
	16.1.4 Level	152
	16.1.5 Ground	152
	16.2 Injury Mechanism	153
	16.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination	154
	16.3.1 Lachman Test	154
	16.3.2 Pivot Shift	154
	16.3.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	154
	16.4 Treatment Strategy	154
	16.4.1 Indications	154
	16.4.2 Timing	155
	16.4.3 Graft	155
	16.4.4 Surgical Procedure	155
	16.4.5 Rehabilitation After ACL Reconstruction	156
	16.4.5.1 Active and Passive Motion	157
	16.4.5.2 Full Weight Bearing	157
	16.4.5.3 Brace	157
	16.4.5.4 Functional Exercises	157
	16.4.6 Return to Play	157
	References	159
	17: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Lesions in Adolescent	162
	17.1 Introduction	162
	17.2 Risk Factors	162
	17.3 ACL Tear	163
	17.4 Management of ACL Tear	163
	17.4.1 Physeal Sparing Technique (Both Tibia and Femur)	164
	17.4.2 Transphyseal and “All-Inside” Technique	164
	17.5 Discussion	166
	Conclusions	167
	References	167
	18: ACL Revision	169
	18.1 Introduction and Epidemiology	169
	18.2 Etiology of ACL Graft Failure and Revision Surgery	170
	18.2.1 ACL Graft Failure	170
	18.2.1.1 Technical Errors	170
	Poor Tunnel Position	170
	Graft Impingement	171
	Failure of Fixation	171
	Inappropriate Graft Tensioning	171
	18.2.1.2 Diagnostic Errors (Associated Laxities/Malalignment)	171
	18.2.1.3 Failure of Biological Graft Incorporation	172
	18.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination	172
	18.3.1 Clinical History and Examination	172
	18.3.2 Medical Imaging	172
	18.4 Treatment Strategy	174
	18.4.1 Graft Choice	175
	18.4.2 Management of Bone Tunnels and Fixation	175
	18.4.2.1 Tunnels that Are Well Positioned	176
	18.4.2.2 Tunnels That Are Poorly Positioned	176
	18.4.2.3 Tunnels That Are in Intermediate Position	176
	18.4.2.4 Two-Stage Revision ACL Reconstruction	176
	18.4.3 Other Important Surgical Considerations	178
	18.5 Results of Revision ACL Reconstruction	178
	18.5.1 Literature Results	178
	18.5.2 Rehabilitation and Return to Play	179
	Conclusion	179
	References	180
	19: PCL Lesion	183
	19.1 Introduction	183
	19.2 Anatomy	183
	19.3 Biomechanics	184
	19.4 Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Sports-­related PCL Injury	184
	19.5 Clinical Examination	185
	19.5.1 Posterior Sag Test	185
	19.5.2 Posterior Drawer Test	186
	19.5.3 The Quadriceps Active Test	186
	19.5.4 Other Tests	186
	19.6 Imaging	187
	19.7 Natural History of PCL Rupture and Conservative Treatment	187
	19.8 Surgical Treatment	187
	19.8.1 The Single Bundle Transtibial Technique	191
	19.8.2 The Inlay Technique [26]	191
	19.8.3 The Double Bundle Reconstruction	191
	19.8.4 Complications	191
	19.8.5 Rehabilitation	191
	19.8.6 Clinical Outcomes After Surgical Reconstruction [20, 30]	192
	Conclusion	192
	References	192
	20: Knee: Multiligament Injuries	195
	20.1 Etiology	195
	20.2 Injury Mechanism	195
	20.2.1 Central Pivot and Posterolateral Corner (PLC)	195
	20.2.2 MCL and Posteromedial Corner (PMC)	196
	20.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination	196
	20.3.1 Clinical Evaluation: Medial Compartment	196
	20.3.2 Clinical Evaluation: Lateral Compartment	197
	20.3.3 X-Ray	197
	20.3.4 MRI	198
	20.4 Treatment Strategy	198
	20.4.1 Central Pivot and Medial Side	198
	20.4.1.1 Surgical Technique	199
	20.4.2 Central Pivot and Lateral Side	199
	20.4.2.1 Surgical Technique	200
	20.5 Rehabilitation and Return to Play	201
	20.5.1 Rehabilitation	201
	20.5.1.1 Phase I	201
	20.5.1.2 Phase II	201
	20.5.1.3 Phase III	201
	20.5.1.4 Phase IV	201
	20.5.2 Return to Play	202
	References	202
	21: Lateral Meniscus Injuries	204
	21.1 Introduction	204
	21.2 Etiology and Injury Mechanism	204
	21.2.1 Stable Knee	204
	21.2.2 Unstable Knee	205
	21.3 Clinical Diagnosis and Imaging	205
	21.3.1 Stable Knee	205
	21.3.2 Unstable Knee	205
	21.4 Treatment Strategy and Results	205
	21.4.1 Partial Lateral Meniscal Replacement	206
	21.4.2 Total Lateral Meniscal Replacement	207
	21.5 Rehabilitation and Return to Play	208
	21.5.1 Particular Findings	209
	21.5.1.1 Meniscal Cysts in Adults and Football	209
	Introduction	209
	Etiology	209
	Diagnostic Approach	209
	Arthroscopic and Associated Open Treatment	209
	Results	210
	Conclusion	210
	21.5.1.2 The Discoid Lateral Meniscus and Football	210
	Diagnosis and Clinical Findings	210
	Treatment	211
	Conclusion	211
	References	211
	22: Medial Meniscus Injuries	215
	22.1 Introduction	215
	22.2 Etiology and Classification	215
	22.3 Injury Mechanism	217
	22.3.1 Longitudinal Tears	217
	22.3.2 Transverse, Radial, or Oblique Tears	217
	22.4 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination	218
	22.4.1 Clinical Examination	218
	22.4.1.1 Tests Commonly Used to Assess Meniscal Lesions	218
	McMurray Test [14]	218
	Apley Test [15]	218
	Joint Line Palpation	218
	Bragard Test	219
	Steinman Second Test	219
	22.4.2 Diagnostic Examination	219
	22.4.3 Arthroscopy	220
	22.5 Treatment Strategy	220
	22.5.1 Conservative Treatment: Masterly Neglect	220
	22.5.2 Surgical Treatment	221
	22.5.2.1 (Sub)Total or Partial Meniscectomy	221
	22.6 Suitability and Indications for Repair	221
	22.7 Meniscal Grafts and Substitutes	222
	22.8 Debridement	222
	22.9 Technique	223
	22.9.1 First Generation: Open Technique	223
	22.9.2 Fixation	223
	22.9.3 Second Generation: Arthroscopically Assisted Inside–Out or Outside–In Technique	223
	22.9.3.1 Inside–Out Meniscus Repair	223
	22.9.3.2 Outside–In Meniscus Repair	224
	22.9.4 Third Generation: Devices	224
	22.9.5 Fourth Generation: All-Inside Technique with Sutures	225
	22.10 Rehabilitation and Return to Play	225
	22.10.1 Rehabilitation After Meniscectomy	225
	22.10.1.1 Rehabilitation Protocol	225
	22.10.1.2 Early Postoperative Rehabilitation Phase	225
	22.10.1.3 Second Phase	227
	22.10.1.4 Third Phase	228
	22.10.2 Rehabilitation After Meniscus Repair	228
	22.10.2.1 Healing of the Meniscus	228
	Healing Rate After Meniscus Repair	228
	Extrinsic Factors Influencing Meniscus Healing After Meniscus Repair	228
	Immobilization	228
	Weight-bearing	229
	Intrinsic Factors Influencing Meniscus Healing After Meniscus Repair	229
	22.10.3 Protocol	229
	22.10.3.1 Conventional Rehabilitation Protocol	229
	22.10.3.2 Accelerated Rehabilitation Protocol	229
	22.10.3.3 Individualized Rehabilitation Protocol	230
	Conclusion	230
	References	230
	23: Anterior Knee Pain in Football	233
	23.1 Introduction	233
	23.2 Etiology	233
	23.3 History and Clinical Examination	235
	23.4 Imaging	237
	23.5 Treatment Strategy	239
	23.6 Return to Play	240
	References	240
	24: Patellar Instability in Football Players	242
	24.1 Injury Mechanism	242
	24.2 Epidemiology/Etiology	242
	24.2.1 Influence of Exercise	243
	24.2.2 Influence of Age	243
	24.2.3 Influence of Sex	244
	24.2.4 Influence of Ethnicity and Family History	244
	24.2.5 Influence of Prior Subluxation/Dislocation	244
	24.2.6 Influence of Osseous Factors	244
	24.2.7 Influence of Soft Tissue Factors	246
	24.2.8 Classification	246
	24.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination	247
	24.4 Treatment Strategy	248
	24.5 Rehabilitation and Return to Play	250
	24.5.1 Rehabilitation	250
	24.5.2 Return to Play	250
	References	251
	25: Knee Cartilage Repair	254
	25.1 Introduction	254
	25.1.1 Aetiology-Epidemiology	254
	25.1.2 Injury Mechanism	254
	25.1.3 The Risks of Delayed Treatment and Special Considerations	255
	25.2 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination	255
	25.3 Treatment Strategy	256
	25.3.1 Active Teenage Football Players	256
	25.3.2 Active Adult Football Players	257
	25.3.3 Retired or to Be Retired Football Players	258
	25.4 Rehabilitation and Return to Play	259
	25.4.1 Rehabilitation Protocol	259
	25.5 Prediction of Outcomes	260
	25.6 Conclusion/Suggestions	261
	References	265
	26: Patellar Tendon Lesions	267
	26.1 Introduction	267
	26.2 Epidemiology and Risk Factors	267
	26.3 Biomechanics of the Extensor Apparatus	268
	26.4 Pathogenesis	269
	26.5 Clinical Symptoms	269
	26.6 Instrumental Diagnosis	270
	26.7 Treatment	270
	References	272
	27: PRP in Football Players	274
	27.1 Introduction	274
	27.2 Plasma Rich in Growth Factors (PRGF-Endoret®) Preparation	275
	27.3 Knee Injuries	275
	27.4 Hip Injuries	278
	27.5 Ankle Injuries	279
	27.6 Osteochondritis	280
	27.7 Muscles Injuries	281
	Conclusions	284
	References	285
	28: Knee Arthritis in Ex-Footballers	291
	28.1 Etiology	291
	28.2 Injury Mechanism	291
	28.2.1 Malalignment	291
	28.2.2 Loss of Meniscal Tissue	292
	28.2.3 Meniscectomy	292
	28.2.4 Meniscal Transplantation	293
	28.2.5 Cartilage Defects	293
	28.2.6 Joint Instability or Laxity	293
	28.3 Diagnosis	294
	28.4 Treatment Strategy	294
	28.5 Surgical Treatment	295
	28.6 Conclusion	297
	28.6.1 Practical Implications	298
	References	298
	29: Groin Pain	300
	29.1 Introduction	300
	29.2 Groin Anatomy	300
	29.3 Insertional Adductors and Rectus Abdominis Tendinopathy	302
	29.3.1 Clinical Examination and Diagnosis	302
	29.3.2 Treatment	303
	29.4 Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome	303
	29.4.1 Diagnosis	304
	29.4.2 Treatment	305
	29.5 Osteitis Pubis	306
	29.5.1 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis	306
	29.5.2 Treatment	306
	29.6 Sportsman Hernia/Athletic Pubalgia	307
	29.6.1 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis	308
	29.6.2 Management	308
	29.7 Greater Trochanter Pain Syndrome	308
	29.7.1 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis	308
	29.7.2 Management	309
	29.8 Summary	309
	References	310
	30: Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) in Football Traumatology	313
	30.1 FAI	313
	30.1.1 Clinical Presentation	313
	30.1.2 Instrumental Exams	314
	30.2 Isolated Acetabular Labrum Tear	315
	30.2.1 Surgical Technique	315
	30.2.2 Technical Notes	316
	30.2.2.2 Rehabilitation	317
	30.2.3 Outcome and Return to Play	317
	30.3 Rectus Femoris Tendon Calcification	318
	30.3.1 Surgical Technique	319
	30.3.2 Rehabilitation	319
	References	319
	31: Achilles Tendon Lesions in Soccer Players	321
	31.1 Introduction	321
	31.2 Epidemiology	321
	31.3 Etiology	321
	31.4 Injury Mechanism	322
	31.5 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination	322
	31.6 Tendon Healing	323
	31.7 Treatment Strategy	324
	31.8 Rehabilitation and Return to Play	325
	References	327
	32: Ankle Ligament Lesions	329
	32.1 Etiology	329
	32.1.1 Lateral Ankle Ligaments	329
	32.1.2 Tibiofibular Syndesmosis	329
	32.2 Injury Mechanism	329
	32.2.1 Lateral Ankle Ligaments	329
	32.2.2 Tibiofibular Syndesmosis	330
	32.3 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination	330
	32.3.1 Acute Lateral Ligament Injury	330
	32.3.2 Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability	331
	32.3.3 Acute Syndesmotic Ligament Injury	331
	32.3.4 Subacute and Chronic Syndesmotic Injury	333
	32.4 Treatment Strategy	333
	32.4.1 Acute Lateral Ligament Injury	333
	32.4.2 Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability	334
	32.4.3 Acute Syndesmotic Ligament Injury	334
	32.4.4 Subacute and Chronic Syndesmotic Injury	335
	32.5 Rehabilitation and Return to Play	335
	32.5.1 Lateral Ligament Injury	335
	32.5.2 Syndesmotic Ligament Injury	335
	32.5.3 Sport-Specific Rehabilitation	336
	32.5.4 Return to the Field	336
	References	336
	33: Ankle Osteochondral Lesions	339
	33.1 Definition	339
	33.1.1 Etiology	339
	33.1.2 Injury Mechanism and Natural History	339
	33.2 Clinical and Diagnostic Examination	340
	33.3 Treatment Strategy	341
	33.3.1 Acute Lesions	341
	33.3.2 Chronic Lesions	342
	33.3.2.1 Conservative Treatment	342
	33.3.2.2 Retrograde Drilling	342
	33.3.2.3 Microfractures	342
	33.3.2.4 Mosaicplasty	342
	33.3.2.5 Autologous Chondrocytes Implantation	343
	33.3.2.6 Bone Marrow-Derived Cell Transplantation	343
	33.3.2.7 Allograft	344
	33.4 Rehabilitation and Return to Play	344
	33.4.1 Fragment Fixation	344
	33.4.2 Drilling	344
	33.4.3 Microfractures	344
	33.4.4 Mosaicplasty	344
	33.4.5 ACI and BMDCT	344
	Conclusions	345
	References	345
	34: Ankle Osteoarthritis in Ex-Professional Footballers	347
	34.1 Ankle OA Occurrence in Ex-Professional Footballers	347
	34.2 Etiology	348
	34.3 Diagnostic: Clinical and Radiographic Examination	349
	34.3.1 Clinical Examination	349
	34.3.2 Radiographic Examination	350
	34.4 Functional Consequences of Ankle OA in Ex-Professional Footballers	350
	34.5 Treatment and Management Strategies	352
	34.5.1 Conservative Strategies	352
	34.5.2 Surgical Treatment	352
	34.5.3 Self-Management Strategy	353
	References	353
	35: Foot Problems in Football	355
	35.1 Introduction	355
	35.2 The Football Shoe	355
	35.3 The Inlay Soles	356
	35.4 The Studs	356
	35.5 The Footballer’s Foot and Static Problems	357
	35.6 Dermatological and Cutaneous Lesions	357
	35.7 Common Traumatic Foot Injuries in Football	358
	35.7.1 Turf Toe (First Ray Metatarsophalangeal Sprain)	358
	35.7.2 Metatarsal Fractures/Tarsometatarsal Dislocations	359
	35.7.3 Midfoot Sprains (Lisfranc Injuries)	361
	35.8 Common Nontraumatic Foot Injuries in Football	361
	35.8.1 Stress Fractures	361
	35.8.2 Hallux Rigidus	362
	35.8.3 Plantar Fasciitis	363
	35.9 Sesamoid Dysfunction	364
	35.10 Rehabilitation of the Injured Footballer’s Foot	365
	References	365
	36: Stress Fractures of the Foot in Footballers	367
	36.1 Etiology	367
	36.2 Risk Factors	367
	36.3 Localization of Stress Fractures of the Foot in Football Players	368
	36.3.1 Fifth Metatarsal Bone Stress Fracture	368
	36.3.1.1 Acute Fracture Treatment (Torg I) and Delayed Union (Torg II)	369
	Nonoperative Treatment	369
	Surgical Treatment	370
	36.3.1.2 Chronic Fractures (Torg III)	370
	Nonoperative Management	370
	36.3.1.3 Surgical Treatment	370
	Intramedullary Screw Fixation	370
	Tension Band Wiring	371
	Other Treatment Options	371
	36.3.2 Navicular Stress Fractures	371
	36.3.2.1 Pathophysiology	371
	36.3.2.2 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis	371
	36.3.2.3 Differential Diagnosis	372
	36.3.2.4 Treatment	372
	36.3.3 Sesamoid Stress Fractures	373
	36.3.3.1 Pathophysiology	373
	36.3.3.2 Clinical Presentation	373
	36.3.3.3 Diagnosis	373
	36.3.3.4 Treatment	373
	36.4 Other Different and Relatively Unusual Stress Fractures	374
	36.4.1 The Base of the Fourth Metatarsal Bone	374
	36.4.2 Talus Stress Fracture	374
	36.4.3 Tibial Malleolar Stress Fractures	374
	36.4.4 Calcaneal Stress Fractures	375
	36.4.5 Base Metatarsal II Stress Fracture	375
	36.5 In Summary	376
	References	376
	37: New Trends in Rehabilitation	380
	37.1 Introduction	380
	37.2 Scientific Background (From “Protection-Oriented” Rehabilitation to Functional Recovery)	380
	37.3 Crucial Principles	381
	37.4 Rehabilitation Strategy	382
	37.5 Criteria-Based Rehabilitation	383
	37.6 Return to Sport Philosophy	383
	Conclusions	386
	References	387
	Erratum	388