|
Foreword |
6 |
|
|
References |
9 |
|
|
Preface |
10 |
|
|
Contents |
12 |
|
|
Contributors |
15 |
|
|
Part I Primary Nervous System Disease |
20 |
|
|
1 Epilepsy and Cognitive Plasticity |
21 |
|
|
Introduction: Why Study Cognition in Epilepsy |
21 |
|
|
Biological Bases for Epilepsy |
22 |
|
|
General Cognitive Characteristics of Epilepsy |
22 |
|
|
Chronicity of Seizures |
23 |
|
|
Seizures Initiate Neuroplasticity |
24 |
|
|
Cognitive Deficits Outside the Epileptogenic Zone and the Development of Neural Networks |
25 |
|
|
Diaschisis and Inhibition |
25 |
|
|
Seizure Propagation |
25 |
|
|
Secondary Epileptogenesis |
26 |
|
|
Seizures as an Example of Maladaptive Plasticity |
26 |
|
|
Cognitive Reorganization from Epilepsy |
27 |
|
|
The Role of Neuropsychology in Epilepsy |
28 |
|
|
The Changing Surgical Algorithm and Neuroimaging |
29 |
|
|
FMRI and Other Neurocognitive Tools in Epilepsy |
31 |
|
|
Future Directions |
32 |
|
|
Conclusion |
32 |
|
|
References |
32 |
|
|
2 Traumatic Brain Injury |
35 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
35 |
|
|
Etiology |
35 |
|
|
Mechanisms of Injury |
35 |
|
|
Primary and Secondary Injuries |
36 |
|
|
Types of Injury |
36 |
|
|
Penetrating Head Injury |
36 |
|
|
Closed Head Injury |
36 |
|
|
Rating Severity of TBI |
37 |
|
|
Loss of Consciousness |
37 |
|
|
Posttraumatic Amnesia |
37 |
|
|
Severity Classifications |
37 |
|
|
Neuroimaging and TBI |
39 |
|
|
Structural Imaging |
39 |
|
|
Diffusion Tensor Imaging |
39 |
|
|
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy |
39 |
|
|
Functional Imaging |
40 |
|
|
Frontal Systems, Cognition, and Behavior |
40 |
|
|
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Circuit |
40 |
|
|
Orbitofrontal Circuit |
41 |
|
|
Anterior Cingulate |
41 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Assessment of TB I |
42 |
|
|
Attention |
42 |
|
|
Memory |
42 |
|
|
Executive Functions |
43 |
|
|
Executive Functions: The Need for Subcategories |
45 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Assessment as a Dynamic Process |
46 |
|
|
Summary |
46 |
|
|
References |
47 |
|
|
3 Neuropsychological Problems in Neuro-oncology |
51 |
|
|
Introduction and History |
51 |
|
|
Incidence of CNS Tumors |
52 |
|
|
Biological Processes of Brain Neoplasms |
52 |
|
|
The Genesis of Brain Tumors |
52 |
|
|
Diagnosis of Brain Neoplasms |
55 |
|
|
Risks for Developing a Brain Tumor |
55 |
|
|
Brain Tumor Classification and Histologic Groupings |
55 |
|
|
Tumor Grading |
55 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Mechanisms |
56 |
|
|
Effects of Tumors on Cognitive Function |
56 |
|
|
Do Tumors Cause Regional Cognitive Effects? |
57 |
|
|
Conclusions |
59 |
|
|
Regional Effects in Individuals |
59 |
|
|
Individualized Approach to Neuropsychological Evaluation and Case Examples |
59 |
|
|
Sensitivity of Neuropsychological Evaluation |
60 |
|
|
Effects of Neurosurgery on Cognitive Function |
61 |
|
|
Syndromal Neuropsychiatric Disturbances and Treatments Associated with Brain Tumors |
61 |
|
|
Effects of Adjuvant Treatments on Cognition |
64 |
|
|
Radiation Therapy (Radiotherapy) |
64 |
|
|
Conclusions |
70 |
|
|
References |
70 |
|
|
4 Multiple System Atrophy, Orthostatic Hypotension, and Autonomic Dysfunction and Cognition |
75 |
|
|
Introduction |
75 |
|
|
Clinical Features |
75 |
|
|
Diagnosis |
76 |
|
|
Pathology |
79 |
|
|
Cognition, Attention, and Depression in MSA |
79 |
|
|
Mood |
80 |
|
|
Treatment |
81 |
|
|
Parkinsonism |
81 |
|
|
Cerebellar Dysfunction |
81 |
|
|
Dysautonomia |
82 |
|
|
Orthostatic Hypotension |
82 |
|
|
Conclusions and Future Directions |
82 |
|
|
References |
83 |
|
|
Part II Vascular System Disease |
85 |
|
|
5 Cardiovascular Disease and Neurocognitive Function |
86 |
|
|
Cardiovascular Disease Classification |
87 |
|
|
Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Neurocognitive Function |
87 |
|
|
Genetics |
87 |
|
|
Traditional Biomedical Risk Factors |
87 |
|
|
Hypertension/Antihypertensives |
88 |
|
|
Lipids/Statins |
89 |
|
|
Obesity |
90 |
|
|
Diabetes, the Metabolic Syndrome, Glucose, Insulin |
91 |
|
|
Biomarkers |
93 |
|
|
Inflammation |
93 |
|
|
Oxidative Stress |
94 |
|
|
Biomarkers of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) |
94 |
|
|
Homocysteine |
95 |
|
|
Behavioral Risk Factors |
95 |
|
|
Smoking |
95 |
|
|
Alcohol |
96 |
|
|
Diet/Antioxidants |
96 |
|
|
Physical Activity, Exercise |
96 |
|
|
Psychosocial Risk |
97 |
|
|
Psychophysiological Risk |
97 |
|
|
Autonomic Nervous System |
97 |
|
|
Hypothalamic--Pituitary--Adrenocortical (HPA) Axis |
97 |
|
|
Summary |
98 |
|
|
Cardiovascular Diseases and Neurocognitive Function |
99 |
|
|
Cardiac Arrhythmias, Cardiac Arrest |
99 |
|
|
Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease |
100 |
|
|
Atherosclerosis |
100 |
|
|
Arterial Stiffness |
101 |
|
|
Endothelial Dysfunction |
101 |
|
|
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy |
102 |
|
|
Mechanisms |
102 |
|
|
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) |
102 |
|
|
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) |
103 |
|
|
Peripheral Arterial Disease |
103 |
|
|
Heart Failure/Heart Transplantation |
104 |
|
|
Summary |
105 |
|
|
Discussion |
105 |
|
|
References |
107 |
|
|
6 Cerebrovascular Disease and Disorders |
117 |
|
|
Introduction |
117 |
|
|
Medical Information Regarding Cerebrovascular Disorders |
117 |
|
|
Risk Factors for Cerebrovascular Disorders |
117 |
|
|
Clinical Presentation of Cerebrovascular Disorders |
118 |
|
|
Diagnosis of Cerebrovascular Disorders |
118 |
|
|
Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disorders |
120 |
|
|
Mechanisms Underlying Cognitive Dysfunction in Cerebrovascular Disorders |
121 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Assessment Following Stroke |
122 |
|
|
Assessment in the Acute Phase |
122 |
|
|
Intellectual Functioning |
123 |
|
|
Language |
124 |
|
|
Memory |
125 |
|
|
Attention and Neglect |
126 |
|
|
Executive Functioning |
128 |
|
|
Higher-Order Visual Processing Skills |
130 |
|
|
Fine Motor and Sensory Functioning |
131 |
|
|
Emotional and Behavioral Functioning |
131 |
|
|
Long-Term Neuropsychological Outcome |
132 |
|
|
Treatment Approaches to Cognitive Impairment Due to Cerebrovascular Disease |
133 |
|
|
References |
134 |
|
|
7 Cognitive Declines During Migraine and Cluster Headaches Are Caused by Cerebral 5HT Neurotransmitter Dysfunction |
138 |
|
|
Introduction and Neurological Mechanisms of Headaches |
138 |
|
|
History |
139 |
|
|
Experimental Studies of Treatments |
139 |
|
|
Participants |
140 |
|
|
Hypotheses to Be Tested |
141 |
|
|
Ethical Treatment |
141 |
|
|
Results |
141 |
|
|
References |
142 |
|
|
8 Respiratory Disorders: Effects on Neurocognitive and Brain Function |
144 |
|
|
Introduction |
144 |
|
|
Effects of Hypoxia |
144 |
|
|
Mechanisms of Brain Injury |
145 |
|
|
Neuroimaging Findings |
145 |
|
|
Neurological and Neuropsychological Sequelae |
145 |
|
|
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
146 |
|
|
Neurocognitive Morbidity |
146 |
|
|
Neuropsychiatric Morbidity |
147 |
|
|
COPD Summary |
148 |
|
|
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
148 |
|
|
Mechanisms of Injury |
148 |
|
|
Neurocognitive Morbidity |
149 |
|
|
Neuropsychiatric Morbidity |
149 |
|
|
ARDS Summary |
150 |
|
|
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning |
150 |
|
|
Neurocognitive Morbidity |
150 |
|
|
Neuropsychiatric Morbidity |
151 |
|
|
CO Summary |
152 |
|
|
Obstructive Sleep Apnea |
152 |
|
|
Neurocognitive Morbidity |
152 |
|
|
Neuropsychiatric Morbidity |
153 |
|
|
OSA Summary |
153 |
|
|
Rehabilitation Outcomes Following Anoxia |
153 |
|
|
Conclusions |
154 |
|
|
References |
154 |
|
|
Part III Developmental, Genetic, and Structural Disorders |
161 |
|
|
9 Cerebral Palsy: Effects of Early Brain Injury on Development |
162 |
|
|
Introduction |
162 |
|
|
Etiology |
162 |
|
|
Neuroimaging |
163 |
|
|
Diagnosis |
163 |
|
|
Prevalence |
164 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Functioning |
164 |
|
|
Intelligence |
164 |
|
|
Visual-Perceptual Impairments |
165 |
|
|
Attention Dysfunctions |
166 |
|
|
The Crowding Hypothesis |
166 |
|
|
Language and Speech Impairments |
166 |
|
|
Arithmetic Difficulties |
167 |
|
|
Limitations in Theory of Mind |
167 |
|
|
Longitudinal Follow-Up of the Gross Motor and Cognitive Development |
168 |
|
|
Problems with Cognitive Assessment in the Clinic |
168 |
|
|
Intervention |
169 |
|
|
Functional Limitations |
169 |
|
|
Types and Efficacy of Intervention |
170 |
|
|
Conclusions and Future Directions |
172 |
|
|
References |
172 |
|
|
10 Autism and Asperger's Syndrome: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective |
177 |
|
|
History and Background |
177 |
|
|
Biological Underpinnings |
177 |
|
|
Neuroanatomic Abnormalities |
177 |
|
|
Postmortem Studies |
178 |
|
|
MRI Studies |
178 |
|
|
White Matter Connectivity |
179 |
|
|
EEG Abnormalities and Seizures |
180 |
|
|
Diagnosis |
181 |
|
|
Screening Guidelines |
181 |
|
|
Clinical and Research Criteria |
182 |
|
|
Increased Prevalence of Autism: It Is Not the Vaccine |
182 |
|
|
Neurocognitive Mechanisms |
183 |
|
|
Major Cognitive Models |
183 |
|
|
Cognitive Profiles |
184 |
|
|
Attention |
184 |
|
|
Sensation/Perception |
186 |
|
|
Language |
188 |
|
|
Social/Emotional |
189 |
|
|
Treatment |
192 |
|
|
Behavioral |
193 |
|
|
Pharmacologic |
193 |
|
|
Summary and Conclusion |
194 |
|
|
References |
194 |
|
|
11 Genetic Syndromes Associated with Intellectual Disabilities |
204 |
|
|
Down Syndrome |
205 |
|
|
Genetics, Prevalence, and Overview |
205 |
|
|
Behavioral Phenotype |
206 |
|
|
Linguistic Dimensions of the Phenotype |
207 |
|
|
Neural Bases of the Phenotype |
209 |
|
|
Summary |
211 |
|
|
Fragile X Syndrome and Related Conditions |
211 |
|
|
Genetics, Prevalence, and Overview |
211 |
|
|
Full Mutation |
211 |
|
|
Premutation |
215 |
|
|
Summary |
215 |
|
|
Williams Syndrome |
215 |
|
|
Genetics, Prevalence, and Overview |
215 |
|
|
Behavioral Phenotype |
216 |
|
|
Linguistic Dimensions of the Behavioral Phenotype |
217 |
|
|
Neural Bases of the Phenotype |
219 |
|
|
Summary |
220 |
|
|
Issues in the Neuropsychological Assessment of Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities of Genetic Origin |
220 |
|
|
Implications |
220 |
|
|
Limitations |
222 |
|
|
Families and the Neuropsychological Assessment of Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities of Genetic Origin |
223 |
|
|
References |
224 |
|
|
12 An Introduction to Hydrocephalus: Congenital and Late-Life Onset |
233 |
|
|
Introduction |
233 |
|
|
The Ventricular System |
233 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Outcomes in Congenital Hydrocephalus |
234 |
|
|
Intelligence |
235 |
|
|
Attention and Executive Functioning in Children |
236 |
|
|
Memory |
236 |
|
|
Language |
236 |
|
|
Visuospatial |
237 |
|
|
Motor |
237 |
|
|
Emotional Functioning |
237 |
|
|
Overall Profile in Congenital Hydrocephalus |
238 |
|
|
Etiology of Profile |
239 |
|
|
Late-Life Onset: Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus |
239 |
|
|
Clinical Presentation |
239 |
|
|
Cognitive Profile |
240 |
|
|
Traditional Treatment: Shunting |
240 |
|
|
New Treatment Approach: Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy |
241 |
|
|
Summary |
242 |
|
|
References |
243 |
|
|
13 Learning Disabilities |
247 |
|
|
History and Background |
247 |
|
|
Prevalence Rates of LD |
248 |
|
|
The Process of Diagnosis |
249 |
|
|
Evaluating Children at Risk for LD |
250 |
|
|
Biological and Neuropsychological Mechanisms |
252 |
|
|
Genetic Influences |
252 |
|
|
Brain Mechanisms and Correlates of Dyslexia |
252 |
|
|
Brain Mechanisms and Correlates of Dyscalculia |
254 |
|
|
Brain Mechanisms and Correlates of Dysgraphia |
255 |
|
|
Treatment |
255 |
|
|
Summary and Future Directions |
256 |
|
|
References |
257 |
|
|
14 Frontal Lobe Disorders in Pediatric Neuropsychology: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Tourette Disorder |
261 |
|
|
Introduction |
261 |
|
|
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder |
261 |
|
|
Definition |
261 |
|
|
Etiology |
262 |
|
|
Neuroanatomy/Pathophysiology |
263 |
|
|
Comorbidity |
264 |
|
|
Assessment |
265 |
|
|
Treatment: Overview |
266 |
|
|
Psychoeducation |
266 |
|
|
Medical Treatment |
266 |
|
|
Behavior Management |
268 |
|
|
Long-Term Outcome |
270 |
|
|
Tourette Disorder |
271 |
|
|
Definition |
271 |
|
|
Phenomenology |
271 |
|
|
Prevalence and Etiology |
272 |
|
|
Neurobiology |
273 |
|
|
Associated Conditions/Comorbidity |
275 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Functions |
276 |
|
|
Evaluation |
277 |
|
|
Treatment |
277 |
|
|
Psychosocial Interventions |
278 |
|
|
Medications |
279 |
|
|
Somatic Treatments |
280 |
|
|
Prognosis/Long-Term Outcomes |
280 |
|
|
References |
281 |
|
|
Part IV Aging |
284 |
|
|
15 Dementia |
285 |
|
|
Introduction |
285 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Testing of Dementias |
286 |
|
|
Alzheimers Disease |
287 |
|
|
Neuropsychology of AD |
288 |
|
|
Areas Relatively Preserved |
291 |
|
|
Symptoms Associated with Age of Onset in AD |
291 |
|
|
Emotional and Psychotic Symptoms |
291 |
|
|
Posterior Cortical Atrophy |
292 |
|
|
Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) |
293 |
|
|
Parkinsons Disease Dementia (PDD) |
295 |
|
|
Binswangers Dementia |
296 |
|
|
Subcortical Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathy |
296 |
|
|
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (Prion Diseases) |
297 |
|
|
Mild Cognitive Impairment [Similar to Cognitively Impaired, No Dementia (CIND)] |
298 |
|
|
Conclusion |
299 |
|
|
References |
299 |
|
|
16 Theoretical Perspectives on Cognitive Aging |
304 |
|
|
Historical Perspective |
304 |
|
|
Neurological Changes Associated with Cognitive Aging |
305 |
|
|
Theories of Cognitive Aging |
306 |
|
|
Speed of Processing |
306 |
|
|
Inhibitory Deficit Hypothesis |
307 |
|
|
Self-Initiated Processing Deficits |
309 |
|
|
What Do We Know So Far |
311 |
|
|
Neuropsychological and Neurocognitive Variability in the Older Adult Population |
311 |
|
|
Gender |
311 |
|
|
Frontal Functioning |
311 |
|
|
Mild Cognitive Impairment |
313 |
|
|
Treatment in Light of Cognitive Interactions |
313 |
|
|
Conclusions and New Directions |
315 |
|
|
References |
316 |
|
|
17 Neuropsychology of Movement Disorders and MotorNeuron Disease |
321 |
|
|
Introduction |
321 |
|
|
Parkinson's Disease |
321 |
|
|
Biological Underpinnings and Diagnosis |
321 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Mechanisms |
322 |
|
|
Attention and Executive Functions |
322 |
|
|
Motor Skills and Information Processing Speed |
322 |
|
|
Language |
323 |
|
|
Learning and Memory |
323 |
|
|
Visuoperception |
323 |
|
|
Neuropsychiatric Factors |
324 |
|
|
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy |
324 |
|
|
Biological Underpinnings and Diagnosis |
324 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Mechanisms |
324 |
|
|
Attention and Executive Functions |
325 |
|
|
Motor Skills and Information Processing Speed |
325 |
|
|
Language |
325 |
|
|
Learning and Memory |
325 |
|
|
Visuoperception |
325 |
|
|
Neuropsychiatric Features |
325 |
|
|
Essential Tremor |
326 |
|
|
Biological Underpinnings and Diagnosis |
326 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Mechanisms |
326 |
|
|
Attention and Executive Functions |
327 |
|
|
Motor Skills and Information Processing Speed |
327 |
|
|
Language |
327 |
|
|
Learning and Memory |
327 |
|
|
Visuoperception |
327 |
|
|
Neuropsychiatric Factors |
328 |
|
|
Huntington's Disease |
328 |
|
|
Biological Underpinnings and Diagnosis |
328 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Mechanisms |
328 |
|
|
Attention and Executive Functions |
328 |
|
|
Motor Skills and Information Processing Speed |
329 |
|
|
Language |
329 |
|
|
Learning and Memory |
329 |
|
|
Visuoperception |
329 |
|
|
Neuropsychiatric Features |
329 |
|
|
Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's Disease) |
330 |
|
|
History and Diagnosis |
330 |
|
|
Biological Underpinnings |
330 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Mechanisms |
330 |
|
|
Attention and Executive Functions |
330 |
|
|
Motor Skills and Information Processing Speed |
331 |
|
|
Language |
331 |
|
|
Learning and Memory |
331 |
|
|
Visuoperception |
331 |
|
|
Neuropsychiatric Factors |
331 |
|
|
Conclusions |
332 |
|
|
References |
332 |
|
|
Part V ImmuneMediated Disease |
340 |
|
|
18 Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Theoriesof Cognition and Depression in Multiple Sclerosisand Guillain--Barre Syndrome |
341 |
|
|
Multiple Sclerosis |
341 |
|
|
Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Course |
341 |
|
|
Cognitive Neuroscience Theories |
342 |
|
|
Possible Causes of Cognitive Deficits |
344 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Assessment Tools |
345 |
|
|
Relationship Between Cognitive Deficits and Illness Variables |
348 |
|
|
Neurocognitive Theories of Depression |
348 |
|
|
Family and Social Issues |
351 |
|
|
GuillainBarr Syndrome |
352 |
|
|
Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Course |
352 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Factors |
353 |
|
|
Summary and Conclusions |
353 |
|
|
References |
354 |
|
|
19 Neurocognitive Function in Systemic Autoimmune and Rheumatic Diseases |
358 |
|
|
Introduction |
358 |
|
|
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
358 |
|
|
Definitions and Epidemiology |
358 |
|
|
Classification of Neuropsychiatric SLE |
358 |
|
|
Pathophysiology of Cognitive Dysfunction Is Elusive |
359 |
|
|
Risk Factors for Cognitive Dysfunction |
360 |
|
|
The Role of Neuropsychological Testing in the Diagnosis of Cognitive Dysfunction in SLE |
361 |
|
|
Neuroimaging Modalities in Studies of Cognitive Dysfunction |
366 |
|
|
Rheumatoid Arthritis |
367 |
|
|
Sjgrens Syndrome |
369 |
|
|
Family and Social Issues |
371 |
|
|
Treatment |
371 |
|
|
Summary and Conclusions |
372 |
|
|
References |
372 |
|
|
20 HIV-AIDS: The Neurologic and Cognitive Consequences of HIV-1 Infection |
376 |
|
|
Neuropathological Consequences of HIV Infection |
376 |
|
|
Common HIV Staging Criterion |
378 |
|
|
Cognitive Domains Affected |
382 |
|
|
Attention |
382 |
|
|
Memory |
384 |
|
|
Language |
384 |
|
|
Psychomotor Abilities |
385 |
|
|
Executive Functions |
385 |
|
|
Visuospatial Deficits |
385 |
|
|
Cognitive Sequelae |
386 |
|
|
Cognitive Batteries Used to Assess HIV-Associated Cognitive Dysfunction |
387 |
|
|
Cognitive Confounds |
388 |
|
|
Alcohol and Drug Abuse Issues |
388 |
|
|
Co-infection with Hepatitis C |
390 |
|
|
Advanced Age, HIV, and the Brain |
391 |
|
|
Additional Host Risk Factors |
392 |
|
|
Psychiatric Illness |
392 |
|
|
Effects of HIV Treatment on Brain Function |
393 |
|
|
Relevant Family or Social Issues |
394 |
|
|
Future Directions |
394 |
|
|
References |
395 |
|
|
21 Rheumatologic Conditions: Sjogren's Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome |
400 |
|
|
Fibromyalgia |
400 |
|
|
Working Memory |
400 |
|
|
Episodic Memory |
404 |
|
|
Verbal Fluency |
405 |
|
|
Attention and Concentration |
405 |
|
|
Neuroimaging and Brain Activity |
406 |
|
|
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome |
407 |
|
|
Summary of Neuropsychological Findings |
408 |
|
|
Neuroimaging and Brain Activity |
409 |
|
|
Other Rheumatologic Conditions |
410 |
|
|
Sj'gren's Syndrome and Cognitive Function |
410 |
|
|
Chronic Pain and Cognitive Function |
411 |
|
|
Summary |
411 |
|
|
References |
411 |
|
|
Part VI Endocrine Disease |
415 |
|
|
22 Neuropsychological Sequelae of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes |
416 |
|
|
Type 1 Diabetes |
416 |
|
|
Overview of Type 1 Diabetes |
416 |
|
|
T1D Cognitive Effects in Adults |
416 |
|
|
Hypoglycemic Effects on Adult T1D Cognition |
417 |
|
|
Hyperglycemic Effects on T1D Cognition |
418 |
|
|
Cognitive Effects of Pediatric T1D |
418 |
|
|
Hypoglycemia in T1D Youth |
419 |
|
|
Hyperglycemia in T1D Youth |
419 |
|
|
Early Onset T1D (EOD) and the Developing Brain |
419 |
|
|
Cerebral Microvascular Effects in T1D |
420 |
|
|
Depression and Cardiovascular Disease in T1D |
421 |
|
|
T1D Conclusions and Implications |
421 |
|
|
Type 2 Diabetes |
421 |
|
|
Overview of Type 2 Diabetes |
421 |
|
|
Cognitive Function in T2D |
422 |
|
|
Cognitive Decline in T2D |
422 |
|
|
Effects of Age and Disease Duration on T2D Cognitive Status |
422 |
|
|
Hyperglycemic Effects in T2D |
423 |
|
|
T2D and Hypoglycemia |
423 |
|
|
Cerebral Microvascular Disease in T2D |
423 |
|
|
Comorbid Macrovascular Disease |
424 |
|
|
Depression and T2D |
425 |
|
|
Alzheimer's Disease |
425 |
|
|
Implications and Future Directions in T2D |
425 |
|
|
T1 and T2 Diabetes: Overview and Conclusions |
426 |
|
|
References |
427 |
|
|
23 Neuropsychological Functioning of Endocrinology Disorders: Gonadotropic Hormones and Corticosteroids |
431 |
|
|
Sex Hormones |
431 |
|
|
Overview of Sex Hormones |
431 |
|
|
Estrogen |
431 |
|
|
Alzheimer Disease and HRT in Women |
432 |
|
|
Turner Syndrome |
433 |
|
|
Testosterone |
434 |
|
|
Klinefelter Syndrome |
435 |
|
|
Corticosteroids, Cushing Syndrome, and Addison Disease |
436 |
|
|
Overview of Corticosteroids |
436 |
|
|
Effects of Administration of Exogenous Steroids |
436 |
|
|
Cushing Syndrome |
437 |
|
|
Adrenal and Corticosteroid Insufficiency |
438 |
|
|
Sex Hormones and Corticosteroids: Summary and Future Directions |
439 |
|
|
References |
440 |
|
|
24 Neuropsychological Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
446 |
|
|
Description of the Disorder |
446 |
|
|
Diagnostic Criteria and Prevalence |
446 |
|
|
Course and Associated Clinical Features |
447 |
|
|
Neurobiological Basis of PTSD |
447 |
|
|
Neuroimaging Findings |
448 |
|
|
Structural Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) |
448 |
|
|
Functional Imaging |
448 |
|
|
Summary and Related Literatures |
448 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Functioning in PTSD |
449 |
|
|
Empirical Findings |
449 |
|
|
Implications for Clinical Evaluation |
450 |
|
|
Neurobehavioral Instrument Selection |
452 |
|
|
The Emotional Stroop Paradigm |
453 |
|
|
Treatment Implications |
454 |
|
|
Pharmacological Treatment |
454 |
|
|
Psychotherapy |
454 |
|
|
Family Considerations |
455 |
|
|
Conclusions |
455 |
|
|
References |
456 |
|
|
Part VII Metabolic Disease |
465 |
|
|
25 Hepatic Encephalopathy |
466 |
|
|
Neurocognitive and Neuroscience Theory and Background |
466 |
|
|
Review of the Attempts to Identify the Most Specific Neuropsychological Assessment for Diagnosis |
467 |
|
|
Altered Mental Status in Patients with Cirrhosis |
467 |
|
|
Physical Examination |
468 |
|
|
Motor Exam |
468 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Examination and Psychometric Testing |
468 |
|
|
Neurophysiologic Testing |
469 |
|
|
Limitations of Currently Available Psychometric and Neurophysiologic Tests |
469 |
|
|
Additional Helpful Information About the Diagnostic Question |
469 |
|
|
Population to Be Tested |
470 |
|
|
State-of-the-Art Diagnostic, Open Access, and Treatments |
470 |
|
|
State of the Art and Open Access Diagnostic Strategies |
470 |
|
|
Treatments for HE |
471 |
|
|
A Brief Section on Relevant Family or Social Issues |
471 |
|
|
Summary |
472 |
|
|
References |
472 |
|
|
26 Toxic Disorders and Encephalopathy |
475 |
|
|
Organic Solvents |
475 |
|
|
Cognitive Changes |
476 |
|
|
Emotional/Behavioral Changes |
476 |
|
|
Neuroimaging |
477 |
|
|
Lead |
478 |
|
|
Cognitive Function |
478 |
|
|
Emotional Functioning |
479 |
|
|
Neuroimaging |
479 |
|
|
Carbon Monoxide |
480 |
|
|
Cognitive Symptoms |
481 |
|
|
Emotional Symptoms |
481 |
|
|
Neurological Changes |
481 |
|
|
Neuroimaging |
482 |
|
|
Additional Issues in the Assessment of Toxic Exposure |
483 |
|
|
References |
483 |
|
|
27 Neurocognition in Mitochondrial Disorders |
486 |
|
|
Background |
486 |
|
|
The Process of Diagnosing a Mitochondrial Disorder |
487 |
|
|
Biological Underpinnings of Mitochondrial Disorders |
488 |
|
|
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy with Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-Like Episodes (MELAS) |
488 |
|
|
Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged-Red Fibers (MERRF) |
489 |
|
|
Kearns--Sayre Syndrome (KSS) |
490 |
|
|
Leigh Syndrome (LS) and Neurogenic Muscle Weakness, Ataxia, Retinitis Pigmentosa (NARP) |
490 |
|
|
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) |
491 |
|
|
Barth Syndrome |
491 |
|
|
Non-syndromic Mitochondrial Disease |
491 |
|
|
Treatment |
492 |
|
|
Neurological Similarities Among Mitochondrial Disorders |
492 |
|
|
Basal Ganglia Calcification |
492 |
|
|
White Matter Anomalies |
492 |
|
|
Neuropsychological Assessment in Mitochondrial Disorders |
493 |
|
|
Conclusions/Future Directions |
493 |
|
|
References |
494 |
|
|
Part VIII Rehabilitation |
497 |
|
|
28 Current Approaches to Cognitive Rehabilitation |
498 |
|
|
Current Approaches to Rehabilitation |
498 |
|
|
Compensatory Approaches |
498 |
|
|
Restorative Approaches |
498 |
|
|
Metacognitive Approaches |
498 |
|
|
Lessons from Plasticity |
499 |
|
|
Sensory and Motor Functions |
499 |
|
|
Cognitive Domains |
499 |
|
|
Attention |
500 |
|
|
Memory |
501 |
|
|
Environmental Modification |
501 |
|
|
Vanishing Cues |
501 |
|
|
Errorless Learning |
502 |
|
|
Distributed Practice |
502 |
|
|
Prospective Memory Training |
502 |
|
|
Other Techniques |
502 |
|
|
Academic Strategies |
503 |
|
|
Language |
503 |
|
|
Dyslexia and Developmental Reading Disorders |
504 |
|
|
Executive Functions |
504 |
|
|
Compensatory Strategies |
504 |
|
|
Behavioral Treatments |
504 |
|
|
Direct Training |
505 |
|
|
Metacognitive Strategies |
505 |
|
|
Normal Aging |
506 |
|
|
Virtual Reality |
506 |
|
|
Brain--Computer Interface |
507 |
|
|
Conclusions |
507 |
|
|
References |
508 |
|
|
29 Sensory Reweighting: A Rehabilitative Mechanism0 |
511 |
|
|
History and Background |
511 |
|
|
Sensory Reweighting in Older Adults |
512 |
|
|
Balance Training |
513 |
|
|
Multisensory Integration: The Light-Touch/Vision Paradigm |
514 |
|
|
Sensory Reweighting in the Fall-Prone Elderly Population |
515 |
|
|
A Multisensory Intervention |
517 |
|
|
Conclusions |
519 |
|
|
References |
519 |
|
|
Subject Index |
522 |
|