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Introduction to Combinatorial Methods for Chemical and Biological Sensors |
21 |
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Introduction |
21 |
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Challenges in Rational Design of Sensing Materials |
22 |
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General Principles of Combinatorial Materials Screening |
23 |
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Opportunities for Sensing Materials |
26 |
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Designs of Combinatorial Libraries of Sensing Materials |
27 |
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Diversity in Needs for Combinatorial Development of Sensing Materials |
30 |
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Main Concepts of Chemical and Biological Sensing |
43 |
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Introduction |
43 |
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Signal Transduction |
48 |
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Electrochemical Sensors |
48 |
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Mass Sensitive Sensors |
53 |
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Thermal Sensors |
54 |
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Optical Sensors |
54 |
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Mechanisms of Chemical Sensing |
56 |
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Recognition Methods in Biosensing |
60 |
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Enzymes |
62 |
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Cells, Tissues, and Microbes |
63 |
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Immuno-Systems |
65 |
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Receptors |
66 |
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Nucleic Acids: Genosensors |
67 |
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Biomimetic Sensors |
69 |
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Closing Remarks |
70 |
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Self-Assembled Monolayers with Molecular Gradients |
80 |
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Introduction |
80 |
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Self-Assembled Monolayers with Molecular Gradients |
81 |
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General Aspects of Gradually Modified Materials and Surfaces |
82 |
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Silane Monolayers on Glass or Silicon Substrates |
83 |
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Alkanethiol Monolayers on Gold Surfaces |
87 |
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Conclusion and Outlook |
91 |
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Combinatorial Libraries of Fluorescent Monolayers on Glass |
97 |
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Introduction |
97 |
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Fluorescent Monolayers on Glass |
100 |
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Synthesis of Combinatorial Libraries of Fluorescent Monolayers |
102 |
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Characterization of Fluorescent Monolayers on Glass |
104 |
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Chemical Sensing by Fluorescent Monolayers on Glass |
107 |
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Cation and Anion Sensing in Organic Solvents |
108 |
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Cation and Anion Sensing in Water |
111 |
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Combinatorial Monolayer Array Fabrication |
114 |
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Combinatorial Monolayer Array in a Microtiter Plate Format for Metal Ion Sensing |
115 |
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Combinatorial Monolayer Array in a Microfluidic Chip |
119 |
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Combinatorial Fabrication of Luminescent and Metal Ion Patterns on Glass |
121 |
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Fabrication of Metal Ion Patterns on Glass by Microcontact Printing |
123 |
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Fabrication of Metal Ion Patterns on Glass by Dip Pen Nanolithography |
125 |
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Conclusions and Outlook |
126 |
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High-Throughput Screening of Vapor Selectivity of Multisize CdSe Nanocrystal/Polymer Composite Films |
132 |
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Introduction |
132 |
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Materials Characterization |
134 |
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Spectral Properties of Photoactivated Sensing Films |
135 |
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Sensing Response Patterns |
138 |
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Multivariate Spectral Analysis |
140 |
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Response Stability |
143 |
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Conclusions |
145 |
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Computational Design of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers |
149 |
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Introduction |
149 |
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Computational Methods for Rational Design of MIPs |
153 |
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Rational Approaches that Involve Molecular Mechanics |
153 |
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Modeling of the Template Molecule |
154 |
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Construction of the Monomer Database |
154 |
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Screening of the Virtual Library |
155 |
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Computation of Monomer Template Ratio |
157 |
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Examples of Using MM Methods in MIP Design |
157 |
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Rational Approaches that Involve Molecular Dynamics (MD) |
162 |
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Examples of Using MD Methods in MIP Design |
163 |
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Rational Approaches that Involve Quantum Mechanics |
168 |
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Examples of Using QM Methods in MIP Design |
168 |
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Rational Approaches Involving Chemometrics and Neural Network Methods |
172 |
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Examples of Using Chemometrics Methods in MIP Design |
172 |
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Conclusion |
174 |
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4 Acronyms and Further Descriptions |
174 |
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Experimental Combinatorial Methods in Molecular Imprinting |
187 |
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Introduction |
187 |
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Parameters Influencing the Performance of MIPs |
190 |
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Choice of Template |
190 |
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Choice of Functional Monomers |
191 |
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Choice of Cross-Linking Monomer and Solvent |
192 |
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Choice of Temperature and Initiator |
193 |
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MiniMIPs and How to Evaluate Them |
194 |
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Measuring the Imprinting Effect |
194 |
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Measuring Binding |
196 |
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Response Factors in the Assessment of miniMIPs under Equilibrium Conditions |
197 |
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Techniques for Generating miniMIP Libraries |
197 |
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Screening of Functional Monomers for Small Target Molecules |
198 |
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Triazines |
199 |
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Nifedipine |
200 |
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Estradiol |
202 |
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Optimization of Prepolymerization Composition |
204 |
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Watercompatible MIP for Bupivacaine |
205 |
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Watercompatible MIP for Sildenafil |
207 |
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Exploring MIP Cross-Reactivity |
208 |
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Conclusions |
209 |
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Combinatorially Developed Peptide Receptors for Biosensors |
214 |
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Peptides as Materials for Molecular Recognition |
214 |
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Porphyrin Binding Peptide |
215 |
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Screening of Porphyrin-Binding Peptide |
216 |
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Apparatus to Detect Nondescript Target Bound by Peptide |
216 |
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SPR Sensor |
217 |
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QCM Sensor |
218 |
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AFM Sensor with Combinatorial Peptide |
219 |
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Herbicide-Binding Peptide |
220 |
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Screening Strategy to Obtain an Herbicide Binder |
222 |
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Sequences and Characteristics of Herbicide-Binding Peptides |
222 |
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Sensor Using Herbicide-Binding Peptides |
223 |
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Dioxin-Binding Peptide |
225 |
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Screening Strategy to Obtain a Dioxin Binder |
225 |
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Sequences and Characteristics of Dioxin-Binding Peptides |
227 |
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Second Screening to Improve the Sensing Capability of the Peptides |
229 |
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Detecting Dioxin in Practical Environmental Soil Samples |
230 |
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Importance of Full Library Screening |
231 |
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Combinatorial Libraries of Arrayable Single-Chain Antibodies |
235 |
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Introduction |
235 |
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Design of the Human Combinatorial “Ronit 1” Library |
237 |
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Construction of the Library |
240 |
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Quality Control of the Library After Construction |
242 |
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Isolation of Specific Binders from the Library: “Standard” Bio-Panning |
244 |
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Isolation of Specific Binders from the Library: Cellulose Filter Colony Lift Screen |
245 |
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Applications of Library-Derived scFvs |
250 |
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Applications of Library-Derived scFvs in a Cellulose-Based Spotted Microarray |
253 |
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Conclusion |
254 |
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A Modular Strategy for Development of RNA-Based Fluorescent Sensors |
261 |
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Introduction |
261 |
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Modular Strategy for Tailoring Fluorescent Biosensors from RNP |
264 |
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Conversion of an ATP-Binding RNP Receptor to a Fluorescent ATP Sensor |
264 |
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Construction of Fluorescent RNP Libraries and Screening of Fluorescent RNP Sensors |
265 |
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Screening of ATP Sensors Responding Within Desired Concentration Range |
268 |
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Sensing Multiple Ligands at Different Wavelengths |
270 |
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Selective Fluorescence Responses of the ATP and GTP Sensors |
271 |
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Fluorescent RNP Sensors for Biologically Important Targets |
274 |
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Phosphotyrosine |
274 |
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Biogenic Amines |
275 |
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Conclusions |
277 |
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Impedometric Screening of Gas-Sensitive Inorganic Materials |
283 |
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Introduction |
283 |
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High Throughput Setup |
285 |
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Multielectrode Array |
285 |
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High Throughput Impedance Spectroscopy Setup |
287 |
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Flexible Data Handling |
289 |
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Experimental Section |
290 |
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Sample Preparation |
290 |
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Thick Film Preparation |
291 |
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Impedance Screening |
293 |
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Data Fitting and Evaluation |
293 |
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Gas Sensing Properties |
296 |
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Conclusion |
300 |
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Design of Selective Gas Sensors Using Combinatorial Solution Deposition of Oxide Semiconductor Films |
304 |
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Introduction |
304 |
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Combinatorial Approaches in Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors |
305 |
|
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Design of Selective Gas Sensing Materialsby Combinatorial Solution Deposition |
308 |
|
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Formation of Oxide Sols |
308 |
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Combinatorial Solution Deposition of Gas Sensing Films |
309 |
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Phase and Microstructure |
310 |
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Gas Sensing Characteristics |
311 |
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Discussion |
314 |
|
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Combinatorial Solution Deposition: Materials and Processing Issue and Future Outlook |
315 |
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Conclusions |
317 |
|
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Combinatorial Development of Chemosensitive Conductive Polymers |
323 |
|
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Functions of Conductive Polymers in Chemo and Biosensors |
323 |
|
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Synthesis of Conductive Polymers |
324 |
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Chemical Synthesis and Electropolymerization |
324 |
|
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Variable Parameters of Conductive Polymers |
325 |
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Combinatorial Synthesis of Conductive Polymers |
326 |
|
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Multiparameter Characterization of Chemosensitive Properties of Conductive Polymers |
332 |
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Outlook |
335 |
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Robotic Systems for Combinatorial Electrochemistry |
339 |
|
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Motivation for the Electrochemical Robotic System |
339 |
|
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Conception and Evaluation of the Electrochemical Robotic System |
349 |
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Applications of the Electrochemical Robotic System |
355 |
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Electrochemical Characterization of Compound Libraries |
355 |
|
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Electrochemical Synthesis |
358 |
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Development and Evaluation of Chemical Sensors and Biosensors |
364 |
|
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Voltammetric Metal Ion Determination |
367 |
|
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SECM Applications of the Electrochemical Robotic System |
368 |
|
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Critical Evaluation of the Concept of an Electrochemical Robotic System and Conclusions |
371 |
|
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Combinatorial Chemistry for Optical Sensing Applications |
380 |
|
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Introduction |
380 |
|
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Combinatorial Libraries |
381 |
|
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Solid Supports |
382 |
|
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Library Sensing Efficiency |
382 |
|
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Fluorescent Sensor Libraries |
383 |
|
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Libraries for Sensing Small Molecules |
384 |
|
|
Libraries for Metal Ion Sensing |
386 |
|
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Libraries of Molecularly Imprinted Materials |
389 |
|
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Libraries of Materials for Optical Sensing of Solvent Vapors and Oxygen |
393 |
|
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Conclusions |
395 |
|
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High Throughput Production and Screening Strategies for Creating Advanced Biomaterials and Chemical Sensors |
399 |
|
|
Introduction |
399 |
|
|
Biodegradable Polymers |
400 |
|
|
Sol–Gel-Derived Materials |
403 |
|
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High Throughput Production and Screening as a Pathway to Create Advanced Biomaterials and Chemical Sensing Platforms |
406 |
|
|
Selected Results |
413 |
|
|
Conclusions |
419 |
|
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Diversity-Oriented Fluorescence Library Approach for Novel Sensor Development |
424 |
|
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Fluorescence Sensor |
424 |
|
|
Target-Oriented Approach |
425 |
|
|
Diversity-Oriented Fluorescence Library Approach |
427 |
|
|
Coumarin Dye Library and Applications |
430 |
|
|
Dapoxyl Dye Library and Human Serum Protein Sensor |
431 |
|
|
Styryl Dye Library and Applications |
434 |
|
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Benzimidazolium Dye Library and GTP Sensor |
437 |
|
|
Rosamine Dye Library and Glutathione Sensor |
441 |
|
|
Conclusion and Perspectives |
443 |
|
|
Construction of a Coumarin Library for Development of Fluorescent Sensors |
446 |
|
|
Method to Develop Novel Fluorescent Sensors |
446 |
|
|
Construction of a Coumarin Library |
449 |
|
|
Coumarin Library Constructed by Means of Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions |
449 |
|
|
Coumarin Library Constructed by Click Chemistry |
451 |
|
|
Development of a 6-Arylcoumarin Library of Candidate Fluorescent Sensors |
452 |
|
|
Conclusions |
455 |
|
|
Determination of Quantitative Structure–Property Relationships of Solvent Resistance of Polycarbonate Copolymers Using a Resonant Multisensor System |
458 |
|
|
Introduction |
458 |
|
|
Concept of Combinatorial Screening of Copolymer–Solvent Interactions |
460 |
|
|
Sensor Array for High-Throughput Screening of Polymer–Solvent Interactions |
461 |
|
|
Variability of System Performance |
463 |
|
|
Wettability of Sensor Resonators |
464 |
|
|
High-Throughput Screening of Copolymers |
465 |
|
|
Property/Composition Mapping and Structure–Property Relationships |
466 |
|
|
Applications of Polycarbonate Copolymers as Sensor Substrates |
470 |
|
|
Conclusions |
471 |
|
|
Computational Approaches to Design and Evaluation of Chemical Sensing Materials |
474 |
|
|
Introduction |
474 |
|
|
Application of Computational Techniques |
475 |
|
|
Materials Modeling and Evaluation of Sensing Materials |
476 |
|
|
Selection of a Sensor Set from Evaluated Materials: Modeling Sensor Response |
478 |
|
|
Conclusions |
480 |
|
|
Combinatorial Methods for Chemical and Biological Sensors: Outlook |
484 |
|