PREFACE	7
	TABLE OF CONTENTS	9
	INTRODUCTION ROLE OF GEOTECHNICS IN EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING	14
	CHAPTER 1 MICROZONATION: DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS	16
	1.1. Introduction	16
	1.2. The Structure of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis	17
	1.3. Developments in Seismic Hazard Analysis	18
	1.3.1. SEISMIC SOURCES	19
	1.3.2. RECURRENCE RELATIONS	19
	1.3.3. ATTENUATION RELATIONS	21
	1.3.4. EFFECTS OF LOCAL SOIL CONDITIONS	23
	1.3.5. NEHRP AMPLIFICATION FACTORS	26
	1.4. Microzonation for Risk	27
	1.5. Case History	30
	1.5.1. BACKGROUND	30
	1.5.2. VICTORIA RISK STUDY	31
	1.6. Final Remarks	38
	CHAPTER 2 THE INFLUENCE OF SCALE ON MICROZONATION AND IMPACT STUDIES	40
	2.1. Part I – Earthquakes and the Impact on Societies	41
	2.1.1. EARTHQUAKES IN THE WORLD AND IN EUROPE IN THE XXTH CENTURY	41
	2.1.2. THE SOIL EFFECT ON THE CATASTROPHIC EVENTS	44
	2.1.3. MITIGATION OF EARTHQUAKE RISK AND PREPAREDNESS	45
	2.2. Part II – Definition of Problems and Techniques	46
	2.2.1. SCENARIO STUDIES – GEOGRAPHIC SCALE OF INTERVENTION	46
	2.2.2. SOIL INFORMATION	49
	2.2.3. SPECTRAL SHAPES	52
	2.3. Part III – Examples for Illustration	54
	2.3.1. EXAMPLE 1. STUDIES AT THE COUNTRY LEVEL: PORTUGAL	54
	2.3.2. EXAMPLE 2. STUDIES AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL: THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF LISBON (AML)	62
	2.3.3. EXAMPLE 3. STUDIES AT THE COUNTY LEVEL: THE CASE OF LISBON	69
	2.3.4. EXAMPLE 4. STUDIES AT THE BUILDING BLOCK LEVEL	76
	2.4. Final Considerations and Future Developments	78
	CHAPTER 3 STRONG GROUND MOTION	80
	3.1. Introduction	80
	3.2. Attenuation	80
	3.3. Factors Affecting Earthquake Strong Ground Motions	86
	3.3.1. EFFECTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE SOURCE	86
	3.3.2. SUBDUCTION ZONE AND SHALLOW CRUSTAL EARTHQUAKES	88
	3.3.3. EFFECTS OF DISTANCE	88
	3.3.4. EFFECTS OF NEAR SURFACE WAVE PROPOGATION (SITE EFFECTS)	89
	3.3.5. BASIN RESPONSE EFFECTS	90
	3.4. Simple Earthquake Source Models	90
	3.5. Time Domain Characteristics of Strong Ground Motion	94
	3.5.1. MODELLING OF RMS-ACCELERATION	94
	3.5.2. DURATION OF THE STRONG GROUND MOTION	96
	3.6. Frequency Domain Characteristics of Strong Ground Motion	97
	3.6.1. THEORETICAL MODEL OF FOURIER AMPLITUDE SPECTRUM	98
	3.7. Radiation Pattern and Directivity	101
	3.8. Simulation of Strong Ground Motion	105
	3.8.1. STOCHASTIC SIMULATIONS	106
	3.8.2. HYBRID SIMULATIONS	111
	3.9. Conclusions	113
	CHAPTER 4 GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR GROUND RESPONSE ANALYSES	114
	4.1. Introduction	114
	4.2. Mechanical Behaviour of Geomaterials	115
	4.3. Laboratory Tests	119
	4.3.1. TRIAXIAL TESTS	119
	4.3.2. RESONANT COLUMN AND TORSIONAL SHEAR TEST	121
	4.4. Field Tests	124
	4.4.1. GEOPHYSICAL TESTS	124
	4.4.2. IN SITU LARGE STRAIN TESTS: PRESSURIMETER AND PLATE LOAD TESTS	137
	4.4.3. EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS FROM PENETRATION TESTS	140
	4.5. Case History	142
	4.5.1. FIELD TESTS	143
	4.5.2. LABORATORY TESTS	144
	4.5.3. LABORATORY VS. FIELD TESTS	147
	4.5.4. DEFINITION OF SOIL PARAMETERS FOR SEISMIC ANALYSIS	148
	4.6. Conclusions	150
	CHAPTER 5 SITE EFFECTS	152
	5.1. Introduction	152
	5.2. Basic Physical Concepts and Definitions	153
	5.2.1. SITE EFFECTS DUE TO LOW STIFFNESS SURFACE SOIL LAYERS	155
	5.3. Methods to Estimate Site Effects	159
	5.3.1. EXPERIMENTAL-EMPIRICAL	159
	5.3.2. EMPIRICAL METHODS	163
	5.3.3. SEMI-EMPIRICAL METHODS	165
	5.3.4. THEORETICAL (NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL) METHODS	166
	5.3.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS	169
	5.4. Site Effects in Horizontally Layered Soil Deposits	170
	5.4.1. 1D SITE EFFECT COMPUTATIONS IN THE CITY OF THESSALONIKI	170
	5.4.2. CONCLUSIVE REMARKS	176
	5.5. 2D Phenomena in Ground Response Modelling	177
	5.5.1. 2D EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES IN EUROSEISTEST VALLEY	177
	5.5.2. 2D EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES IN THESSALONIKI	182
	5.5.3. CONCLUSIVE REMARKS	187
	5.6. Site Effects Due to Surface Topography	189
	5.6.1. BRIEF LITERATURE REVIEW	189
	5.6.2. SEISMIC CODES	191
	5.6.3. THEORETICAL STUDIES IN AN EXPERIMENTAL SITE IN GREECE	191
	5.6.4. CONCLUSIONS	200
	5.7. Site Effects and Seismic Codes	201
	5.7.1. THE CONCEPT OF EUROCODES	202
	5.7.2. INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE 2000	202
	5.7.3. SOIL AND SITE CLASSIFICATION	202
	5.7.4. COMPATIBILITY OF DESIGN FORCES	206
	5.7.5. SPECTRAL AMPLIFICATION	206
	CHAPTER 6 EVALUATION OF LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED DEFORMATION OF STRUCTURES	212
	6.1. Introduction	212
	6.2. Design Procedures for Liquefaction	212
	6.2.1. CURRENT DESIGN PROCEDURES	212
	6.2.2. EFFECT OF THE 1995 KOBE EARTHQUAKE	213
	6.2.3. LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED SETTLEMENT DURING THE 1999 KOCAELI EARTHQUAKE	216
	6.3. Studies on Liquefaction-induced Deformation of Structures in Dense Sand or Silty Sand Grounds	219
	6.3.1. NEW METHODS FOR THE PREDICTION OF THE OCCURRENCE OF LIQUEFACTION UNDER STRONG SHAKING	219
	6.3.2. SOIL DENSITY AND SPT N-VALUE WHICH CAUSE LIQUEFACTION UNDER STRONG SHAKING	220
	6.3.3. BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURES IN LIQUEFIED DENSE SANDY GROUND	222
	6.3.4. BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURES IN LIQUEFIED SILTY GROUND	229
	6.4. Evaluation Methods for Liquefaction-induced Deformation of Structures	231
	6.4.1. RAFT FOUNDATIONS	231
	6.4.2. PILE FOUNDATIONS	233
	6.4.3. EMBANKMENTS	235
	6.5. Countermeasures against Liquefaction-induced Damage of Structures	237
	6.5.1. CURRENT COUNTERMEASURES	237
	6.5.2. RECENT PROBLEMS	237
	6.6. Liquefaction-induced Flow of the Ground	237
	6.6.1. CONCEPT OF DESIGN METHOD	237
	6.6.2. COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST THE FLOW	242
	6.7. Concluding Remarks	242
	CHAPTER 7 SEISMIC ZONATION METHODOLOGIES WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE ITALIAN SITUATION	244
	7.1. Introduction	244
	7.2. Evaluation of the Expected Input Motion	247
	7.2.1. DETERMINISTIC APPROACH	249
	7.2.2. STOCHASTIC APPROACH	251
	7.2.3. PROBABILISTIC APPROACH	254
	7.2.4. DISCUSSION	256
	7.3. Site Effects Evaluation	258
	7.4. Final Remarks	263
	CHAPTER 8 SEISMIC MICROZONATION: A CASE STUDY	266
	8.1. Introduction	266
	8.2. Regional Seismicity	267
	8.3. Geological and Geotechnical Site Conditions	271
	8.4. Earthquake Characteristics on the Ground Surface	274
	8.5. Seismic Microzonation with Respect to Ground Shaking	277
	8.6. Conclusions	278
	CHAPTER 9 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS AND LINING SYSTEMS	280
	9.1. Introduction	280
	9.2. Performance of Solid Waste Landfills during Earthquakes	280
	9.3. Analysis of Solid Waste Landfills Stability during Earthquakes	281
	9.3.1. INTRODUCTION	281
	9.3.2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS	281
	9.3.3. MATHEMATICAL METHODS	282
	9.3.4. SELECTION OF DESIGN EARTHQUAKES	283
	9.3.5. SELECTION OF SOIL PROPERTIES FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS	285
	9.3.6. SEISMIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS	290
	9.3.7. LIQUEFACTION ASSESSMENT	295
	9.4. Monitoring and Safety Control of Landfills	295
	9.5. Safety and Risk Analyses	296
	9.6. Final Remarks	297
	CHAPTER 10 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS	298
	10.1. Introduction	298
	10.2. Aseismic Foundation Design Process	298
	10.3. Evaluation of Seismic Demand	299
	10.3.1.FUNDAMENTALS OF SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION	299
	10.3.2.CODE APPROACH TO SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION ANALYSES	301
	10.3.3.IMPROVED EVALUATION OF SEISMIC DEMAND	303
	10.4. Bearing Capacity for Shallow Foundations	307
	10.4.1.FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT OF CODE APPROACHES	308
	10.4.2.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE PSEUDO-STATIC BEARING CAPACITY	309
	10.5. Evaluation of Permanent Displacements	311
	10.5.1.FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS: TOWARDS PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN	312
	10.6. Construction Detailing	313
	10.7. Conclusions	314
	CHAPTER 11 BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN OF DEEP FOUNDATION SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKES	316
	11.1. Introduction	316
	11.2. Performance of Near-Surface Soils and Pile Foundations during the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu Earthquake	317
	11.2.1.SOIL LIQUEFACTION AND GROUND MOTION	317
	11.2.2.CHARACTERISTICS OF PILE FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS	318
	11.2.3.PILE DAMAGE FROM DETAILED FIELD INVESTIGATION	320
	11.3. Cyclic and Permanent Ground Displacements during Earthquakes	322
	11.3.1.CYCLIC AND PERMANENT SHEAR STRAINS IN LIQUEFIED AND LATERALLY SPREADING GROUND	322
	11.3.2.PERMANENT GROUND DISPLACEMENT NEAR WATERFRONT	324
	11.4. Pseudo-Static Analysis for Seismic Design of Pile Foundations	325
	11.4.1.INERTIAL AND KINEMATIC FORCES ACTING ON FOUNDATION	325
	11.4.2.BEAM-ON-WINKLER-FOUNDATION METHOD	326
	11.4.3.NON-LINEAR P-Y SPRING	327
	11.4.4.EARTH PRESSURE ACTING EMBEDDED FOUNDATION	328
	11.5. Effects of Cyclic Ground Displacements on Pile Performance	328
	11.6. Effects of Permanent Ground Displacements on Pile Performance	332
	11.7. Conclusions	337
	REFERENCES	338
	INDEX	366
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