Title Page	5
	Copyright Page	6
	Contents	7
	Preface to the Third Edition	12
	About the Companion Website	15
	Chapter 1 Introduction: The Research Process	17
	The Research Process	19
	Chapter 2 Perspectives on Research	21
	Philosophical Issues	22
	What is Research?	22
	What is Science?	28
	Social and Political Issues	33
	Professional Issues	34
	The Intuitive Practitioner	35
	The Scientist-Practitioner	36
	The Applied Scientist	36
	The Local Clinical Scientist	37
	The Evidence-Based Practitioner	38
	The Clinical Scientist	38
	The Practice-Based Evidence Model	39
	Comparison of Models	39
	Implications for Clinical Training	40
	Personal Issues	40
	Why Do Clinical Psychologists Do Research?	41
	Why Don’t Clinical Psychologists Do Research?	42
	Weighing up the Pros and Cons of Doing Research	43
	Chapter Summary	43
	Further Reading	44
	Questions for Reflection	44
	Chapter 3 Doing the Groundwork	45
	Formulating the Research Questions	46
	Choosing the Topic	47
	Developing the Questions	48
	Hypothesis-testing versus Exploratory Research Questions	49
	Some Types of Research Question	50
	Literature Review	53
	The Proposal	57
	Funding	60
	The Politics of Research in Applied Settings	61
	Access	61
	Responding to Doubts	62
	Authorship	64
	Chapter Summary	64
	Further Reading	65
	Questions for Reflection	65
	Chapter 4 Foundations of Quantitative Measurement	66
	The Process of Measurement	68
	Domains of Variables	68
	Measuring Psychological Constructs	68
	Measurement Sources and Approaches	70
	Foundations of Quantitative Methods	70
	Positivism	71
	Psychometric Theory	74
	Definitions	74
	Reliability	76
	Reliability Statistics	78
	Validity	80
	Generalizability Theory	83
	Item Response Theory	84
	Utility	85
	Standards for Reliability and Validity	86
	Chapter Summary and Conclusions	87
	Further Reading	87
	Questions for Reflection	88
	Chapter 5 Foundations of Qualitative Methods	89
	Historical Background	91
	Philosophical Background	92
	Phenomenology	93
	Social Constructionism	95
	Families of Qualitative Approaches	100
	Thematic Analysis Approaches	100
	Narrative Approaches	103
	Language-Based Approaches	104
	Ethnographic Approaches	106
	Ways of Evaluating Qualitative Studies	107
	Conclusion: Choosing and Combining Methods	108
	Chapter Summary	110
	Further Reading	110
	Questions for Reflection	111
	Chapter 6 Self-Report Methods	112
	Mode of Administration	115
	Open-ended and Closed-ended Questions	116
	Qualitative Self-report Methods	117
	Types of Qualitative Interview	118
	Interview Schedule	119
	Interviewing Style	121
	Quantitative Self-report Methods	125
	Questionnaire Design	126
	Chapter Summary	134
	Further Reading	135
	Questions for Reflection	135
	Chapter 7 Observation	136
	Qualitative Observation	138
	Participant Observation	138
	Text-based Research	142
	Quantitative Observation	144
	Background	145
	Procedures for Conducting Observations	146
	Reliability and Validity Issues	150
	Chapter Summary	151
	Further Reading	152
	Questions for Reflection	152
	Chapter 8 Foundations of Design	153
	Nonexperimental Designs	154
	Descriptive Designs	154
	Correlational Designs	155
	Experimental Designs	158
	Cook and Campbell’s Validity Analysis	160
	Nonrandomized Designs	162
	Randomized Designs	168
	Conclusion: Choosing a Research Design	175
	Chapter Summary	175
	Further Reading	176
	Questions for Reflection	177
	Chapter 9 Small-N Designs	178
	Historical Background	179
	Single-case Experimental Designs	181
	Procedure	181
	AB Design	182
	Reversal (or ABAB) Design	183
	Multiple-baseline Design	184
	Changing-Criterion Design	185
	Data Analysis	185
	Generalization	185
	Naturalistic Case-study Designs	186
	Narrative Case Studies	186
	Systematic Case Studies	187
	Time-Series Designs	191
	Conclusion	191
	Chapter Summary	192
	Further Reading	192
	Questions for Reflection	193
	Chapter 10 The Participants: Sampling and Ethics	194
	Sampling	195
	The Target Population	197
	Bias and Representativeness	198
	Sample Size	199
	Alternative Approaches to Sampling and Generalizability	201
	Summary and Conclusion	203
	Ethical Issues	204
	Informed Consent	205
	Harms and Benefits	207
	Privacy and Confidentiality	208
	Ethics Self?study Exercise	209
	Ethics Committees	210
	Chapter Summary	212
	Further Reading	212
	Questions for Reflection	213
	Chapter 11 Evaluation Research	214
	What is Evaluation?	215
	The Sociopolitical Context	217
	Preparation for Evaluating a Service	219
	Aims and Objectives	220
	The Impact Model	221
	The Target Population	221
	Estimating the Extent of the Target Problem in the Target Population	222
	Needs Assessment	223
	Delivery System Design	224
	Monitoring the Process of Service Delivery	225
	Coverage and Bias	226
	Service Implementation	227
	Outcome Evaluation	228
	Client Satisfaction Surveys	229
	Patient-focused Research and Outcomes Management	229
	Cost-effectiveness	230
	Chapter Summary	231
	Further Reading	232
	Questions for Reflection	232
	Chapter 12 Analysis, Interpretation, and Dissemination	233
	Qualitative Data Analysis	234
	Within-case and Cross-case Analysis	235
	Preliminaries to Qualitative Data Analysis	235
	Processes in Qualitative Data Analysis	237
	Good Practice in Qualitative Analysis	240
	Quantitative Data Analysis	240
	Data Entry	240
	Data Checking	241
	Data Reduction	241
	Data Exploration	242
	Statistical Significance Testing for Answering the Research Questions	243
	Analyzing the Strength and Significance of Quantitative Effects	243
	Interpretation	248
	Contributions to Knowledge: Understanding the Meaning of the Findings	248
	Methodological Issues: Strengths and Limitations of the Study	249
	Scientific and Practical Implications	251
	Dissemination	252
	Writing up	253
	Publication	254
	Authorship Issues	255
	Utilization	256
	The End	256
	Chapter Summary	257
	Further Reading	257
	Questions For Reflection	258
	Chapter 13 Epilogue	259
	Methodological Pluralism	259
	Appraising Research	260
	Combining Research with Practice	262
	Some Images of Research	263
	Questions for Reflection	264
	References	265
	Author Index	293
	Subject Index	303
	EULA	310