Preface	6
	Contents	10
	Chapter 1: Conceptualization of the Field of Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health	15
	Introduction	15
	History	16
	Beginning Steps	16
	Formulation of Core Concepts	17
	Attachment Becomes One of the Central Constructs	18
	Mindfulness and Reflective Thinking	20
	Defining Infant Mental Health	21
	Defining Organizations in Europe and the United States	22
	The Role of Emotions in Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health	22
	Early Mental Health and Later Development	23
	Theoretical Models of Infant Mental Health	24
	Normative Theories of Development and Infant Mental Health	25
	The Effect of the Quality of Early Experiences	25
	Development in the Earliest Years	26
	Developmental Change	27
	Implications of Early Development for Later Development	28
	The Developing Sense of Self	29
	References	30
	Chapter 2: Social and Emotional Development in Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health	37
	Introduction	37
	Conceptualizing Early Development	38
	Brain and Behavior in Early Development	40
	Cognitive Development	40
	Developmental Tasks: Reciprocal Connections	42
	Developmental Context of Social and Emotional Functioning in the Early Years	43
	Bonding	43
	Research Paradigms	44
	Individual Differences in Emotional Development	45
	Temperament	45
	Developmental Stages and Social and Emotional Growth	48
	The Underpinnings of Theory of Mind	49
	Foundation for the Concern for Others	50
	Issues of Concern	51
	References	52
	Chapter 3: Social and Cultural Contexts in Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health	57
	Introduction	57
	Understanding Social Behavior in the Early Years	58
	Conducting Research into Socialization of Young Children	59
	Changes at the End of the First Year in Gaze Behavior	61
	Infant Socialization in the Home Culture	62
	Implicit and Explicit Socialization	63
	Parenting	65
	Parental Awareness	65
	Parenting Styles	66
	Research Methodology in Cross-Cultural Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health	68
	Research Strategies and Instruments	68
	The Culturally Determined ``Ideal Child´´	69
	Cultural Differences in Childrearing	70
	Cultural Differences in Attachment Behavior	72
	Risk Factors Perceived Through a Cultural Lens	74
	References	75
	Chapter 4: The Nature-Versus-Nurture Controversy and Its Implications for Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health	80
	Introduction	80
	History of the Nature Versus Nurture Controversy	81
	Individual Differences in Infancy and Early Childhood and Behavioral Genetics	82
	Research Methods for Studying Behavioral Genetics	83
	Findings from Behavioral Genetics Research	84
	Intervention Strategies Based on Behavioral Genetics	85
	Gene-Environment Interplay	85
	General Models of the Nature-Nurture Controversy	88
	References	89
	Chapter 5: Risk Factors in Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health	93
	Introduction	93
	The Conceptualization of Risk	94
	Identifying Risk Factors	96
	Longitudinal Research	96
	Changes in Familiar Situations as a Risk Factor	97
	Parental Characteristics and Risk	98
	Research Methodologies for Studying Risk	99
	Employing Statistical Models to Explain Risk	101
	Environmental Risk Factors in Infancy: Poverty	102
	Parental Risk Factors: Depression	105
	Child Risk Factors: Prematurity	106
	Risk Factors for Early Infant and Child Mental Health in Developing Countries	108
	References	109
	Chapter 6: The Relational Context of Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health	113
	Relationships as a Bridge Between Theory and Intervention	113
	The Relational Imperative in Infant Mental Health	114
	Zero-to-Three Diagnostic System	115
	Emotional Availability	117
	Parenting Across Cultures	120
	Attachment	123
	Interrelational Context	124
	Child Characteristics in the Relational Context	124
	Jealousy	124
	Social Cognition in Infants	126
	Attunement	129
	References	130
	Chapter 7: Resilience in Children and Families	136
	Introduction	136
	Resilience Models	137
	Risk and Resilience in a Relational Context	139
	Family and Community Resilience	140
	Research in Resilience	142
	Longitudinal Resilience Research Designs	143
	Longitudinal Resilience Research Statistics	144
	Longitudinal Resilience Research Models	146
	Applications of Resilience Research	148
	Implications for Intervention	149
	References	151
	Chapter 8: Theoretical Bases of Intervention in Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health	156
	Introduction	156
	Psychodynamic Theory	157
	Attachment-Based Theory	159
	Developmental Theories of Infant Mental Health	161
	Sameroff: Transactional Model	161
	Greenspan: Developmental, Individual-Differences, Relationship-Based Model (DIR)	163
	Bagnato: Convergent Model	164
	Als: Synactive Theory of Development	164
	Ayres: Sensory Integration Theory of Development	165
	Brazelton: TouchpointsModel	166
	Guralnick: Multidisciplinary Collaborative Team WorkModel	167
	References	167
	Chapter 9: A Survey of Evidence-Based Interventions in Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health	170
	Introduction	170
	Research Methodology and Designs Which Assess Intervention Effectiveness	172
	Evidence-Based Practice	173
	Child Parent Psychotherapy (CPP: Lieberman and Van Horn)	175
	Incredible Years (IY: Webster-Stratton, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2006)	178
	Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT: Eyberg)	181
	Interaction Guidance (IG: Susan C. McDonough, 2000, 2004)	182
	Home Visiting Intervention	185
	References	186
	Chapter 10: Early Childhood Mental Health Consultation	191
	Introduction	191
	Issues to be Considered in Mental Health Consultation in Early Childhood	192
	The Consultative Model and Its Principles	194
	The Consultation Setting	196
	The Adult Client	197
	The Consultant	198
	The Consultative Relationship	200
	Consultative Skills	202
	Reflective Practice	202
	Problem-Solving	203
	Capacity Building	205
	Research Findings	206
	Challenges in Early Childhood Mental Health Consultation	208
	References	209
	Chapter 11: Applications of Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health Research in Policy and Practice	212
	Introduction	212
	Policy Agenda: Promoting Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health	213
	Policy Agenda: Creating Mental Health Informed Systems	214
	Support Programs for Families at Risk	216
	Incorporating Mental Health Perspectives in Policy Decisions	218
	Policy Agenda: Establishing Prevention Programs	219
	Policy Agenda: Training Professionals	221
	Policy Agenda: Incorporating Diversity-Informed Tenets	222
	Conclusions and Recommendations for Policymakers, Researchers and Practitioners	223
	References	225
	Index	228