Acknowledgments	6
	Preface	8
	References	10
	Contents	12
	Contributors	16
	The Neuropsychology Referral and Answering the Referral Question	20
	Evidenced Based Neuropsychological Practice	22
	Description of Neuropsychological Functioning	23
	Structure and Organization of the Evaluation	23
	References	46
	Deconstructing the Medical Chart	57
	The Medical Chart	57
	References	76
	Neuroanatomy Primer: Structure and Function of the Human Nervous System	77
	Introduction to the Human Nervous System	81
	The Central Nervous System	83
	Brain Anatomy Overview	84
	Cerebro-Spinal Fluid	96
	Spinal Cord	99
	Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)	101
	Cellular Organization of the Cortex	118
	Functional Neuroanatomy: Structural and Functional Networks	124
	Summary	143
	References and Suggested Readings	144
	Components of the Neuropsychological Evaluation	145
	Basics of the Neuropsychology Evaluation	146
	Factors Affecting Neuropsychological Functioning	147
	Time: An Important Variable in the Neuropsychological Evaluation	148
	Assessment of Basic Nervous System Functions (Cranial Nerves, Sensory and Motor Functions)	148
	“Higher Order” Neuropsychological Function Examination	153
	References and Suggested Further Readings	155
	Arousal: The Disoriented, Stuporous, Agitated or Somnolent Patient	156
	Arousal Problems: A Behavioral Guide	157
	Stuporous Conditions Mimicking Coma	158
	Delirium	159
	Assessment of Arousal	161
	References and Suggested Further Reading	164
	Attention/Concentration: The Distractible Patient	165
	Anatomy of Attention/Concentration	166
	Attention Problems: A Behavioral Guide	167
	Assessment of Attention	170
	Methods to Assess Attention and Concentration	171
	Brief/Bedside Assessment of Attention	172
	Assessment of Vigilance	173
	References and Suggested Further Reading	174
	Language Problems and Assessment: The Aphasic Patient	175
	Overview of Language	176
	Anatomical Correlates	177
	Recovery of Language Function	183
	Language Problems: A Behavioral Guide	184
	Bedside Assessment of Language	190
	Psychometric Based Assessment of Language	191
	References	192
	Appendix A	193
	Memory and Learning: The Forgetful Patient	195
	A Model of Memory	196
	Types of Memory	198
	Terms of Memory Impairment	200
	Neuropsychological Assessment of Memory Problems	202
	Anatomy of Memory	205
	Temporal Lobe and Memory	206
	Diencephalon and Memory	206
	Frontal Lobes and Basal Forebrain and Memory	207
	Laterality and Memory	207
	Storage and Retrieval in Memory	208
	Assessment of Memory	209
	Brief Bedside (Acute) Assessment of Memory	210
	Intermediate/Bedside Assessment of Memory	210
	Comprehensive/Outpatient Laboratory Assessment of Memory	215
	References and Suggested Further Reading	215
	Deficits in Visuospatial/Visuoconstructional Skills and Motor Praxis	217
	Anatomy of Visual and Visuospatial Processing	218
	Visual Processing “Streams”	220
	Visual and Visuospatial Deficits	221
	Visuoperceptual Distortions	222
	Cortical Blindness or “Blind Sight”	222
	Balint’s Syndrome	222
	Visual Agnosia	224
	Apraxia	227
	Assessment of Visuospatial (Visual-Spatial) Functioning	228
	Assessment and Interpretation of Visuoconstructional Functions	230
	Bedside Assessment of Visuospatial ( Visuoconstructional) Skills	230
	Laboratory (Outpatient) Neuropsychological Assessments	233
	References and Suggested Further Reading	234
	Frontal Lobe/Executive Functioning	235
	Anatomy of the Frontal Lobes	236
	Symptoms of Frontal Lobe Dysfunction: The “ Frontal Lobe” Patient	243
	Bedside Assessment of Frontal Lobe Functions	256
	References and Suggested Further Reading	263
	Affect, Emotions and Mood	265
	Multiaxial Diagnostic System	266
	Mood/Emotions and Neurologic Illness	271
	References and Suggested Further Reading	281
	Aphasia Syndromes	282
	Clinical Classification of Aphasias	283
	Assessment	298
	Ethnic, Age, Diversity and Psychiatric Considerations	301
	Appendix: Rapid Review Summary for Classic Aphasia Syndromes	304
	References	306
	Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke	308
	Section I: Stroke Pathophysiology, Neuroanatomy, and Clinical Features	309
	Cerebral Vasculature	319
	Clinical Symptoms and Neuroanatomic Correlates	324
	Section II: Neuropsychological Assessment of Patients after Stroke	355
	Emotional Regulation/Personality Changes	363
	Treatment of Stroke and Rehabilitation	365
	References	369
	Dementias and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Adults	372
	Diagnostic Criteria and Definitions	373
	Etiologies of Dementia	379
	Prevalence of Dementia	379
	Clinical Descriptions of Common Dementia Conditions	380
	Assessment of Dementia	412
	References	415
	Episodic Neurologic Symptoms	419
	Global Symptoms	420
	Focal Symptoms	429
	References	435
	Epilepsy and Seizures	437
	Making a Diagnosis	441
	Incidence/Prevalence	443
	Seizure Classification	444
	Epilepsy Etiology and Syndromes	451
	Selected Epilepsy Syndromes	452
	Treatment of Seizures	463
	Neuropsychological (Cognitive and Behavioral) Comorbidity in Epilepsy	471
	Factors That May Obscure Neuropsychological Profiles in Presurgical Epilepsy Patients	483
	Predicting Seizure Freedom, Side of Seizure Onset, and Cognitive Outcome Following Epilepsy Surgery	485
	Psychiatric Status and Quality-of-life in Epilepsy	496
	Neuropsychological Assessment Guide	501
	Analysis of Change in Neuropsychology Test Scores	507
	Summary	515
	Appendix 1. International Classification of Epilepsies, Epileptic Syndromes, and Related Seizure Disorders	516
	Appendix 2. Example of Newly Proposed Classification of Epilepsy Syndromes ( 2001)	518
	References	519
	Neuropsychology of Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures	534
	Definition and Diagnosis	536
	Prevalence and Incidence	539
	Etiology	541
	Psychological Testing and Evidence-Based Psychology Practice	546
	Counting Elephants: Are There Meaningful PNES Subtypes?	550
	Treatment	552
	PNES in Children and Adolescents	554
	Neuropsychological Assessment Strategies with PNES	554
	Future Directions for Research, Detection, and Treatment of PNES	556
	Appendix	556
	References	557
	Somatoform Disorders, Factitious Disorder, and Malingering	564
	Definition/Terminology	564
	Prevalence	566
	Etiology	566
	Malingering and Factitious Disorder	567
	Differential Diagnosis: Distinguishing Somatoform Disorder from Malingering/ Factitious Conditions and Genuine Illness	568
	References	574
	Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Disorders	579
	Section I: Common Movement Disorders: Neurological and Neuropsychological Features	580
	Diffuse Lewy Body Disease/Dementia with Lewy Bodies	590
	“Parkinson’s Plus” Syndromes	592
	Drug-Induced Parkinsonism	594
	Vascular Parkinsonism	595
	Other Movement Disorders	596
	Section II: Medical and Surgical Treatment of the Movement Disorders	601
	Diffuse Lewy Body Disease/Lewy Body Dementia	602
	The “Parkinson’s Plus” Syndromes	603
	Presurgical Neuropsychological Evaluation	608
	Ablation Techniques	609
	The “Parkinson’s Plus” Syndromes	613
	Essential Tremor	613
	Essential Tremor	636
	Dystonia	639
	Tourette Syndrome	647
	Chapter Summary	651
	References	651
	Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Disorders	659
	Clinical Features of Multiple Sclerosis	661
	Neuropsychological Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis	665
	Correlates with Neuropsychological Deficits	667
	Assessment of Neuropsychological Deficits in MS	669
	Treatment Neuropsychological Deficits in MS	670
	References	671
	Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury	674
	Epidemiology	675
	Terminology and Classification Considerations	676
	Pathoanatomy and Pathophysiology	678
	Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Problems	685
	Functional and Neuropsychological Outcome	691
	Neuropsychological Assessment Issues	694
	Psychosocial Outcome	695
	Conclusions	698
	References	699
	Mild Traumatic Brain Injury	708
	Epidemiology of MTBI	709
	Terminology and Diagnostic Criteria	709
	Neuropsychological Outcome	713
	Early Intervention and Return to Work	717
	Depression and Mild TBI	718
	Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the Military	719
	Conclusions	722
	References	724
	Sport-Related Concussion	731
	Neurobiology and Pathophysiology	732
	Recovery Time	735
	Classification Systems	736
	Multiple Concussions	738
	Emerging Evidenced-Based Neuropsychology	739
	Return to Play	744
	Conclusions	748
	References	749
	Post-Concussion Syndrome	755
	Diagnostic Criteria	756
	Diagnostic Challenges	758
	Factors Relating to the Perception and Reporting of Symptoms	760
	Post-Concussion Syndrome in Children	765
	Is the Post-Concussion Syndrome Caused by Brain Damage?	767
	Conclusions	767
	References	768
	Definition and Prevalence of Pediatric TBI	774
	Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Overview	774
	Symptoms of TBI	776
	Differences Between Pediatric TBI and Adult TBI	778
	Neuropsychological Assessment of Pediatric TBI	779
	Proposed Neuropsychological Assessment Protocol ( Clinical/ Research:)	781
	Outcome and Recovery from TBI	783
	Variables Affecting Outcome and Recovery	787
	Management and Rehabilitation Issues	788
	Conclusions	791
	References	791
	Brain Tumors	796
	Types of Tumors	797
	Epidemiology	799
	Signs and Symptoms	800
	Diagnosis and Neuroimaging	802
	Classification and Survival Rates	803
	Treatment	806
	Neuropsychological Assessment Issues	808
	Summary and Conclusions	814
	References	815
	Neurotoxicity in Neuropsychology	821
	Definitions	822
	Principals of Identifying and Evaluating Neurotoxic Exposure	828
	The Neurotoxicity Syndrome	832
	Assessment for Neurotoxicity	834
	References	842
	Cognitive Decline in Childhood or Young Adulthood	847
	Metabolic Diseases	849
	Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)	855
	Rassmussen’s Encephaolpathy	856
	Vitamin B12 Deficiency (Cobalamin Disorders)	858
	Galactosemia	859
	Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome	860
	Rett Syndrome	860
	Hydrocephalus	861
	Psuedotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension)	863
	Sickle Cell Disease	864
	Lafora Disease (Aka Lafora Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy)	865
	HIV Associated Progressive Encephalopathy (HPE)/HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders	866
	Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy ( CADISIL)	867
	Wilson’s Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)	867
	References	868
	Application of Motivational Interviewing to Neuropsychology Practice: A New Frontier for Evaluations and Rehabilitation	870
	A New Approach to Noncompliance and Patient Feedback: Emerging Empirical Support	871
	What Is Motivational Interviewing?	872
	Core Concepts and Principles of MI	873
	Transtheoretical Model of Change	873
	Principles and SPIRIT of MI	874
	MI Skills and Examples of Strategies	875
	Summary	877
	References	877
	Reliability and Validity in Neuropsychology	879
	Reliability in Neuropsychology	880
	Internal Reliability	881
	Test–Retest Reliability	884
	Alternate Form Reliability	885
	Interrater Reliability	886
	Evaluating a Test’s Reliability	888
	Limits to Reliability, Practice Effects, and Effects of Prior Exposure	889
	Validity in Neuropsychology	892
	Validity Models	892
	How to Evaluate the Validity of a Test	893
	Conclusions	896
	References	897
	Psychometric Foundations for the Interpretation of Neuropsychological Test Results*	899
	Interpreting and Communicating Test Performance in Clinical Practice	900
	Sample Characteristics and Test Score Interpretation	902
	Comparing Scores Between Tests	909
	Normal Variability across Test Batteries and the Prevalence of Low Scores	913
	Assessing Change over Time	915
	Summary and Conclusions	924
	References	926
	Improving Accuracy for Identifying Cognitive Impairment	929
	Conceptualizing Cognitive Impairment	930
	Classifying Cognitive Impairment	932
	DSM-IV Cognitive Disorder NOS ( Mild Neurocognitive Disorder)	934
	Evaluating Cognitive Impairment: Five Psychometric Principles to Consider	935
	Identifying Cognitive Impairment: New Psychometric Criteria for Cognitive Disorder NOS	946
	Conclusions	951
	References	953
	Index	957