Preface	5
	Acknowledgements	6
	Contents	8
	Contributors	10
	Chapter 1 Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: Development In Vivo and Derivation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells In Vitro for Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration	15
	1.1 Introduction	16
	1.2 Molecular, Cellular and Genetic Studies of AMD	16
	1.3 The Retinal Pigment Epithelium	18
	1.4 Differentiation of hESC into RPE-Like Cells	25
	1.5 Future Directions	30
	References	31
	Chapter 2 Progenitor Cell Transplantation for Retinal Disease	39
	2.1 Neural Repair	40
	2.2 Retinal Repair	40
	2.3 Transplantation of Neural Progenitor Cells to the Retina	42
	2.4 Retinal Progenitor Cells	42
	2.5 Marker Expression	43
	2.6 Immunology of CNS Progenitor Cells	46
	2.7 Proliferation	47
	2.8 Differentiation	48
	2.9 Cell Delivery	50
	2.10 Gene Delivery	52
	2.11 Alternate Cell Types	52
	2.12 Conclusion	54
	References	54
	Chapter 3 Negative Regulation of Endogenous Stem Cells in Sensory Neuroepithelia: Implications for Neurotherapeutics	59
	3.1 Introduction	60
	3.2 Olfactory Epithelium as a Model System for Understanding Molecular Regulation of Endogenous Neural Stem Cells	60
	3.3 Molecular Regulation of OE Neurogenesis In Vitro	63
	3.4 Negative Regulation of Neurogenesis In Vivo and In Vitro	72
	3.5 Conclusions and Future Directions	75
	References	78
	Chapter 4 Epigenetic Control of Neural Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Specification	83
	4.1 Introduction	83
	4.2 Histone Modification in Neural Stem Cells	85
	4.3 DNA Methylation in Neural Stem Cells	88
	4.4 Chromatin Remodeling Complexes in Neural Stem Cells	90
	4.5 MicroRNA in Neural Stem Cells	91
	4.6 Perspectives	93
	References	93
	Chapter 5 Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenic Niche in the Adult Brain	97
	Chapter 6 Progressing Neural Stem Cell Lines to the Clinic	118
	6.1 Introduction: Clinical Indications for Transplant Therapy	118
	6.2 Early Success and Proof of Concept	120
	6.3 Stem Cells as a Standardised Therapeutic Product	123
	References	132
	Chapter 7 Human Neural Stem Cells for Biopharmaceutical Applications	136
	Chapter 8 The Analysis of MicroRNAs in Stem Cells	154
	Chapter 9 Optimized Growth of Human Embryonic Stem Cells	181
	Chapter 10 Potential of Stem Cells in Liver Regeneration	193
	Chapter 11 Cell Transplantation Therapy for Myocardial Repair: Current Status and Future Challenges	205
	Chapter 12 Surgical Stem Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Heart Failure	225
	Chapter 13 Use of Combinatorial Screening to Discover Protocols That Effectively Direct the Differentiation of Stem Cells	238
	Chapter 14 Adult Stem Cell Therapies for Tissue Regeneration: Ex Vivo Expansion in an Automated System	262
	Chapter 15 The Hair Follicle Stem Cell as the Paradigm Multipotent Adult Stem Cell	286
	Index	299
	Color Plates	301