Preface and Reader’s Guide	5
	Preface to the Second Edition	7
	Contents	9
	List of Figures	13
	Introduction and History	16
	1.1 Prologue	16
	1.2 Organization of the Book	17
	1.3 The Ancient Authors	19
	1.3.1 Classical Authors	21
	1.3.2 Medieval Authors	25
	1.3.3 Arab Authors	29
	1.3.4 Chinese and Indian Authors	30
	Properties of Minerals	32
	2.1 Mineral Chemistry	32
	2.2 Mineral Structure	32
	2.3 Mineral Identification Methods 2.3.1 Element Analyses	36
	2.3.2 Petrographic Analyses	38
	2.3.3 Physical Methods of Identification	40
	2.4 Color of Minerals	42
	Exploitation of Mineral and Rock Raw Materials	59
	3.1 Introduction	59
	3.2 Rock Classification and Properties	60
	3.3 Igneous Rocks	60
	3.3.1 Extrusive Igneous Rocks	62
	3.3.2 Intrusive Igneous Rocks	65
	3.4 Sedimentary Rocks	67
	3.4.1 Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks	69
	3.4.2 Terrigenous Sedimentary Rocks	70
	3.4.3 Pyroclastic Sedimentary Rocks	72
	3.5 Metamorphic Rocks	72
	3.6 Unconsolidated Deposits 3.6.1 Surface Deposits	76
	3.6.2 Placer Deposits	77
	3.6.3 Residual Deposits	78
	3.7 Outcrops, Mining, and Quarrying	79
	Lithic Materials	83
	4.1 Introduction	83
	4.2 Microcrystalline Quartz	90
	4.3 Other Siliceous Rocks	96
	4.3.1 Quartzite	96
	4.3.2 Opal	97
	4.3.3 Felsite	98
	4.3.4 Rhyolite/Andesite	98
	4.3.5 Siliceous Shale/Slate/Schist	98
	4.4 Obsidian	99
	4.5 Other Minerals and Rocks	102
	Gemstones, Seal Stones, and Ceremonial Stones	105
	5.1 Introduction	105
	5.2 Quartz Minerals (SiO	108
	)	108
	5.2.1 Crystalline Varieties	108
	5.2.2 Cryptocrystalline Varieties	110
	5.3 Non-Quartz Silicates and Minerals 5.3.1 Coarse- Grained	114
	5.3.2 Fine-Grained	120
	5.3.3 Glassy	125
	5.4 Carbonate and Sulfate Minerals 5.4.1 Coarse- Grained	125
	5.4.2 Fine-Grained	126
	5.5 Oxide Minerals	127
	5.6 Organic Gems	130
	5.7 Other Gem Minerals	133
	5.7.1 Sulfide Minerals	134
	Soft Stones and Other Carvable Materials	135
	6.1 Introduction	135
	6.2 Serpentinite	136
	6.3 Steatite and Soapstone	139
	6.3.1 Asbestos	142
	6.4 Alabaster and Gypsum	142
	6.5 Limestone and Marble	146
	6.6 Catlinite	149
	6.7 Other Carved Stone	150
	6.8 Sedimentary Rocks	151
	6.9 Volcanic Rocks	154
	6.10 Miscellaneous Rocks	155
	Metals and Related Minerals and Ores	157
	7.1 Introduction	157
	7.2 Gold (Au)	160
	7.3 Silver (Ag)	166
	7.4 Native Copper (Cu)	168
	7.5 Other Copper Minerals	172
	7.5.1 The Copper Ore Minerals	178
	7.6 Iron (Fe)	180
	7.7 Iron Minerals	183
	7.8 Tin (Sn) Minerals	185
	7.9 Lead (Pb) Minerals	190
	7.10 Zinc (Zn) Minerals	192
	7.11 Other Ore Minerals and Metals	194
	7.12 Oxidation of Metallic Ores	195
	Ceramic Raw Materials	197
	8.1 Introduction	197
	8.2 Clays	198
	8.3 Pottery	202
	8.4 Tempers	203
	8.5 Glazes	205
	8.6 Porcelain	207
	8.7 Glass	208
	8.8 Faience	211
	8.9 Fired-Brick, Tile, and Terracotta	212
	8.10 Refractory Ceramics	214
	Pigments and Colorants	215
	9.1 The Nature of Pigments and Colorants	215
	9.2 Historical Background	217
	9.3 Iron Oxide Compounds	221
	9.4 Manganese Compounds	226
	9.5 Copper Compounds	226
	9.6 Lead Compounds	227
	9.7 Carbon Compounds	229
	9.8 Sulfide Compounds	229
	9.9 Carbonates	230
	9.10 Silicates	231
	9.11 Gold and Silver	234
	9.12 Tin Compounds	234
	9.13 Cobalt	235
	Abrasives, Salt, Shells, and Miscellaneous Geologic Raw Materials	236
	10.1 Introduction	236
	10.2 Abrasives	236
	10.3 Salt (Halite)	237
	10.4 Natron	241
	10.5 Alum	243
	10.6 Shells, Coral, Fossils, and Fossil Bone	245
	10.7 Other Geologic Raw Materials 10.7.1 Mica	251
	10.7.2 Petroleum Products – Asphalt, Bitumen, and Pitch	252
	10.7.3 Sulfur (S)	254
	10.7.4 Mercury (Hg)	255
	10.7.5 Saltpeter, Niter	256
	10.7.6 Epsomite (MgSO	257
	· 7H	257
	O, Epsom Salt)	257
	10.7.7 Nitric Acid	258
	10.7.8 Tutty/Cadmea	258
	10.7.9 Fuller’s Earth	258
	10.7.10 Stone Money	258
	Building, Monumental, and Statuary Materials	260
	11.1 Introduction	260
	11.2 Building Stone	260
	11.2.1 Granite/Diorite	264
	11.2.2 Porphyry	266
	11.2.3 Basalt/Andesite/Dolerite	266
	11.2.4 Limestone/Sandstone	268
	11.2.5 Marble	270
	11.2.6 Slate/Schist/Quartzite	272
	11.2.7 Gypsum	273
	11.3 Cements and Mortars 11.3.1 Lime	274
	11.3.2 Gypsum	276
	11.3.3 Aggregates	277
	11.3.4 Hydraulic Reactions	278
	11.3.5 Natural Pozzolana	279
	11.3.6 Artificial ÏPozzolanaÓ	280
	11.3.7 Modern Portland Cement	281
	11.4 Masonry	281
	11.5 Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Other Earthen Architectural Materials	282
	11.6 Weathering and Decomposition	286
	References	294
	Additional Bibliography Chapter 1	328
	Chapter 2	328
	Chapter 3	328
	Chapter 4	329
	Chapter 5	329
	Chapter 6	329
	Chapter 7	329
	Chapter 8	330
	Chapter 9	330
	Chapter 10	330
	Chapter 11	331
	Glossary	332
	Pigments Used in Antiquity	339
	Minerals, Rocks, and Metals Index	345
	Geographic Index	351
	General Index	357