Introduction to Combinatorial Methods for Chemical and Biological Sensors	21
	Introduction	21
	Challenges in Rational Design of Sensing Materials	22
	General Principles of Combinatorial Materials Screening	23
	Opportunities for Sensing Materials	26
	Designs of Combinatorial Libraries of Sensing Materials	27
	Diversity in Needs for Combinatorial Development of Sensing Materials	30
	Main Concepts of Chemical and Biological Sensing	43
	Introduction	43
	Signal Transduction	48
	Electrochemical Sensors	48
	Mass Sensitive Sensors	53
	Thermal Sensors	54
	Optical Sensors	54
	Mechanisms of Chemical Sensing	56
	Recognition Methods in Biosensing	60
	Enzymes	62
	Cells, Tissues, and Microbes	63
	Immuno-Systems	65
	Receptors	66
	Nucleic Acids: Genosensors	67
	Biomimetic Sensors	69
	Closing Remarks	70
	Self-Assembled Monolayers with Molecular Gradients	80
	Introduction	80
	Self-Assembled Monolayers with Molecular Gradients	81
	General Aspects of Gradually Modified Materials and Surfaces	82
	Silane Monolayers on Glass or Silicon Substrates	83
	Alkanethiol Monolayers on Gold Surfaces	87
	Conclusion and Outlook	91
	Combinatorial Libraries of Fluorescent Monolayers on Glass	97
	Introduction	97
	Fluorescent Monolayers on Glass	100
	Synthesis of Combinatorial Libraries of Fluorescent Monolayers	102
	Characterization of Fluorescent Monolayers on Glass	104
	Chemical Sensing by Fluorescent Monolayers on Glass	107
	Cation and Anion Sensing in Organic Solvents	108
	Cation and Anion Sensing in Water	111
	Combinatorial Monolayer Array Fabrication	114
	Combinatorial Monolayer Array in a Microtiter Plate Format for Metal Ion Sensing	115
	Combinatorial Monolayer Array in a Microfluidic Chip	119
	Combinatorial Fabrication of Luminescent and Metal Ion Patterns on Glass	121
	Fabrication of Metal Ion Patterns on Glass by Microcontact Printing	123
	Fabrication of Metal Ion Patterns on Glass by Dip Pen Nanolithography	125
	Conclusions and Outlook	126
	High-Throughput Screening of Vapor Selectivity of Multisize CdSe Nanocrystal/Polymer Composite Films	132
	Introduction	132
	Materials Characterization	134
	Spectral Properties of Photoactivated Sensing Films	135
	Sensing Response Patterns	138
	Multivariate Spectral Analysis	140
	Response Stability	143
	Conclusions	145
	Computational Design of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers	149
	Introduction	149
	Computational Methods for Rational Design of MIPs	153
	Rational Approaches that Involve Molecular Mechanics	153
	Modeling of the Template Molecule	154
	Construction of the Monomer Database	154
	Screening of the Virtual Library	155
	Computation of Monomer Template Ratio	157
	Examples of Using MM Methods in MIP Design	157
	Rational Approaches that Involve Molecular Dynamics (MD)	162
	Examples of Using MD Methods in MIP Design	163
	Rational Approaches that Involve Quantum Mechanics	168
	Examples of Using QM Methods in MIP Design	168
	Rational Approaches Involving Chemometrics and Neural Network Methods	172
	Examples of Using Chemometrics Methods in MIP Design	172
	Conclusion	174
	4 Acronyms and Further Descriptions	174
	Experimental Combinatorial Methods in Molecular Imprinting	187
	Introduction	187
	Parameters Influencing the Performance of MIPs	190
	Choice of Template	190
	Choice of Functional Monomers	191
	Choice of Cross-Linking Monomer and Solvent	192
	Choice of Temperature and Initiator	193
	MiniMIPs and How to Evaluate Them	194
	Measuring the Imprinting Effect	194
	Measuring Binding	196
	Response Factors in the Assessment of miniMIPs under Equilibrium Conditions	197
	Techniques for Generating miniMIP Libraries	197
	Screening of Functional Monomers for Small Target Molecules	198
	Triazines	199
	Nifedipine	200
	Estradiol	202
	Optimization of Prepolymerization Composition	204
	Watercompatible MIP for Bupivacaine	205
	Watercompatible MIP for Sildenafil	207
	Exploring MIP Cross-Reactivity	208
	Conclusions	209
	Combinatorially Developed Peptide Receptors for Biosensors	214
	Peptides as Materials for Molecular Recognition	214
	Porphyrin Binding Peptide	215
	Screening of Porphyrin-Binding Peptide	216
	Apparatus to Detect Nondescript Target Bound by Peptide	216
	SPR Sensor	217
	QCM Sensor	218
	AFM Sensor with Combinatorial Peptide	219
	Herbicide-Binding Peptide	220
	Screening Strategy to Obtain an Herbicide Binder	222
	Sequences and Characteristics of Herbicide-Binding Peptides	222
	Sensor Using Herbicide-Binding Peptides	223
	Dioxin-Binding Peptide	225
	Screening Strategy to Obtain a Dioxin Binder	225
	Sequences and Characteristics of Dioxin-Binding Peptides	227
	Second Screening to Improve the Sensing Capability of the Peptides	229
	Detecting Dioxin in Practical Environmental Soil Samples	230
	Importance of Full Library Screening	231
	Combinatorial Libraries of Arrayable Single-Chain Antibodies	235
	Introduction	235
	Design of the Human Combinatorial “Ronit 1” Library	237
	Construction of the Library	240
	Quality Control of the Library After Construction	242
	Isolation of Specific Binders from the Library: “Standard” Bio-Panning	244
	Isolation of Specific Binders from the Library: Cellulose Filter Colony Lift Screen	245
	Applications of Library-Derived scFvs	250
	Applications of Library-Derived scFvs in a Cellulose-Based Spotted Microarray	253
	Conclusion	254
	A Modular Strategy for Development of RNA-Based Fluorescent Sensors	261
	Introduction	261
	Modular Strategy for Tailoring Fluorescent Biosensors from RNP	264
	Conversion of an ATP-Binding RNP Receptor to a Fluorescent ATP Sensor	264
	Construction of Fluorescent RNP Libraries and Screening of Fluorescent RNP Sensors	265
	Screening of ATP Sensors Responding Within Desired Concentration Range	268
	Sensing Multiple Ligands at Different Wavelengths	270
	Selective Fluorescence Responses of the ATP and GTP Sensors	271
	Fluorescent RNP Sensors for Biologically Important Targets	274
	Phosphotyrosine	274
	Biogenic Amines	275
	Conclusions	277
	Impedometric Screening of Gas-Sensitive Inorganic Materials	283
	Introduction	283
	High Throughput Setup	285
	Multielectrode Array	285
	High Throughput Impedance Spectroscopy Setup	287
	Flexible Data Handling	289
	Experimental Section	290
	Sample Preparation	290
	Thick Film Preparation	291
	Impedance Screening	293
	Data Fitting and Evaluation	293
	Gas Sensing Properties	296
	Conclusion	300
	Design of Selective Gas Sensors Using Combinatorial Solution Deposition of Oxide Semiconductor Films	304
	Introduction	304
	Combinatorial Approaches in Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors	305
	Design of Selective Gas Sensing Materialsby Combinatorial Solution Deposition	308
	Formation of Oxide Sols	308
	Combinatorial Solution Deposition of Gas Sensing Films	309
	Phase and Microstructure	310
	Gas Sensing Characteristics	311
	Discussion	314
	Combinatorial Solution Deposition: Materials and Processing Issue and Future Outlook	315
	Conclusions	317
	Combinatorial Development of Chemosensitive Conductive Polymers	323
	Functions of Conductive Polymers in Chemo and Biosensors	323
	Synthesis of Conductive Polymers	324
	Chemical Synthesis and Electropolymerization	324
	Variable Parameters of Conductive Polymers	325
	Combinatorial Synthesis of Conductive Polymers	326
	Multiparameter Characterization of Chemosensitive Properties of Conductive Polymers	332
	Outlook	335
	Robotic Systems for Combinatorial Electrochemistry	339
	Motivation for the Electrochemical Robotic System	339
	Conception and Evaluation of the Electrochemical Robotic System	349
	Applications of the Electrochemical Robotic System	355
	Electrochemical Characterization of Compound Libraries	355
	Electrochemical Synthesis	358
	Development and Evaluation of Chemical Sensors and Biosensors	364
	Voltammetric Metal Ion Determination	367
	SECM Applications of the Electrochemical Robotic System	368
	Critical Evaluation of the Concept of an Electrochemical Robotic System and Conclusions	371
	Combinatorial Chemistry for Optical Sensing Applications	380
	Introduction	380
	Combinatorial Libraries	381
	Solid Supports	382
	Library Sensing Efficiency	382
	Fluorescent Sensor Libraries	383
	Libraries for Sensing Small Molecules	384
	Libraries for Metal Ion Sensing	386
	Libraries of Molecularly Imprinted Materials	389
	Libraries of Materials for Optical Sensing of Solvent Vapors and Oxygen	393
	Conclusions	395
	High Throughput Production and Screening Strategies for Creating Advanced Biomaterials and Chemical Sensors	399
	Introduction	399
	Biodegradable Polymers	400
	Sol–Gel-Derived Materials	403
	High Throughput Production and Screening as a Pathway to Create Advanced Biomaterials and Chemical Sensing Platforms	406
	Selected Results	413
	Conclusions	419
	Diversity-Oriented Fluorescence Library Approach for Novel Sensor Development	424
	Fluorescence Sensor	424
	Target-Oriented Approach	425
	Diversity-Oriented Fluorescence Library Approach	427
	Coumarin Dye Library and Applications	430
	Dapoxyl Dye Library and Human Serum Protein Sensor	431
	Styryl Dye Library and Applications	434
	Benzimidazolium Dye Library and GTP Sensor	437
	Rosamine Dye Library and Glutathione Sensor	441
	Conclusion and Perspectives	443
	Construction of a Coumarin Library for Development of Fluorescent Sensors	446
	Method to Develop Novel Fluorescent Sensors	446
	Construction of a Coumarin Library	449
	Coumarin Library Constructed by Means of Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions	449
	Coumarin Library Constructed by Click Chemistry	451
	Development of a 6-Arylcoumarin Library of Candidate Fluorescent Sensors	452
	Conclusions	455
	Determination of Quantitative Structure–Property Relationships of Solvent Resistance of Polycarbonate Copolymers Using a Resonant Multisensor System	458
	Introduction	458
	Concept of Combinatorial Screening of Copolymer–Solvent Interactions	460
	Sensor Array for High-Throughput Screening of Polymer–Solvent Interactions	461
	Variability of System Performance	463
	Wettability of Sensor Resonators	464
	High-Throughput Screening of Copolymers	465
	Property/Composition Mapping and Structure–Property Relationships	466
	Applications of Polycarbonate Copolymers as Sensor Substrates	470
	Conclusions	471
	Computational Approaches to Design and Evaluation of Chemical Sensing Materials	474
	Introduction	474
	Application of Computational Techniques	475
	Materials Modeling and Evaluation of Sensing Materials	476
	Selection of a Sensor Set from Evaluated Materials: Modeling Sensor Response	478
	Conclusions	480
	Combinatorial Methods for Chemical and Biological Sensors: Outlook	484