Contents	6
	1 Introduction	24
	1.1 What is urban drainage?	24
	1.2 Effects of urbanisation on drainage	25
	1.3 Urban drainage and public health	28
	1.4 History of urban drainage engineering	28
	1.5 Geography of urban drainage	36
	Problems	39
	References	39
	2 Approaches to urban drainage	40
	2.1 Types of system: piped or natural	40
	2.2 Types of piped system: combined or separate	41
	2.3 Combined system	41
	2.4 Separate system	43
	2.5 Which sewer system is better?	45
	2.6 Urban water system	46
	Problems	49
	Key sources	51
	References	51
	3 Water quality	52
	3.1 Introduction	52
	3.2 Basics	52
	3.3 Parameters	54
	3.4 Processes	65
	3.5 Receiving water impacts	67
	3.6 Receiving water standards	72
	Problems	76
	Key sources	78
	References	78
	4 Wastewater	80
	4.1 Introduction	80
	4.2 Domestic	81
	4.3 Non-domestic	87
	4.4 In.ltration and inflow	88
	4.5 Wastewater quality	90
	Problems	92
	Key sources	94
	References	94
	References	94
	5 Rainfall	96
	5.1 Introduction	96
	5.2 Measurement	96
	5.3 Analysis	99
	5.4 Single events	108
	5.5 Multiple events	110
	5.6 Climate change	113
	Problems	117
	Key sources	117
	References	117
	6 Stormwater	119
	6.1 Introduction	119
	6.2 Runoff generation	119
	6.3 Overland flow	126
	6.4 Stormwater quality	133
	Problems	140
	Key sources	140
	References	141
	7 System components and layout	142
	7.1 Introduction	142
	7.2 Building drainage	142
	7.3 System components	144
	7.4 Design	152
	Problems	155
	Key sources	155
	References	155
	8 Hydraulics	157
	8.1 Introduction	157
	8.2 Basic principles	158
	8.3 Pipe flow	162
	8.4 Part-full pipe flow	172
	8.5 Open-channel flow	182
	Problems	189
	Key sources	190
	References	190
	9 Hydraulic features	191
	9.1 Flow controls	191
	9.2 Weirs	200
	9.3 Inverted siphons	205
	9.4 Gully spacing	208
	Problems	213
	References	214
	10 Foul sewers	215
	10.1 Introduction	215
	10.2 Design	215
	10.3 Large sewers	218
	10.4 Small sewers	227
	10.5 Solids transport	236
	Problems	242
	Key sources	243
	References	243
	11 Storm sewers	245
	11.1 Introduction	245
	11.2 Design	245
	11.3 Contributing area	249
	11.4 Rational Method	253
	11.5 Time-area Method	260
	11.6 Hydrograph methods	265
	Problems	273
	Key sources	275
	References	276
	12 Combined sewers and combined sewer over flows	277
	12.1 Background	277
	12.2 System flows	277
	12.3 The role of CSOs	280
	12.4 Control of pollution from combined sewer systems	283
	12.5 Approaches to CSO design	288
	12.6 Effectiveness of CSOs	303
	12.7 CSO design details	306
	Problems	309
	Key sources	310
	References	310
	13 Storage	313
	13.1 Function of storage	313
	13.2 Overall design	314
	13.3 Sizing	317
	13.4 Level pool (or reservoir) routing	318
	13.5 Alternative routing procedure	320
	Problems	326
	References	327
	14 Pumped systems	328
	14.1 Why use a pumping system?	328
	14.2 General arrangement of a pumping system	328
	14.3 Hydraulic design	330
	14.4 Rising mains	336
	14.5 Types of pump	338
	14.6 Pumping station design	341
	14.7 Vacuum systems	348
	Problems	348
	Key sources	349
	References	349
	15 Structural design and construction	351
	15.1 Types of construction	351
	15.2 Pipes	353
	15.3 Structural design	356
	15.4 Site investigation	363
	15.5 Open-trench construction	366
	15.6 Tunnelling	368
	15.7 Trenchless methods	370
	Problems	371
	Key sources	372
	References	372
	British Standards	373
	16 Sediments	374
	16.1 Introduction	374
	16.2 Origins	376
	16.3 Effects	377
	16.4 Transport	380
	16.5 Characteristics	383
	16.6 Self-cleansing design	388
	16.7 Load estimation and application	393
	Problems	399
	Key sources	400
	References	401
	17 Operation, maintenance and performance	403
	17.1 Introduction	403
	17.2 Maintenance strategies	403
	17.3 Sewer location and inspection	406
	17.4 Sewer cleaning techniques	411
	17.5 Health and safety	414
	17.6 Pipe corrosion	416
	17.7 Performance	421
	Problems	422
	Key sources	423
	References	423
	18 Rehabilitation	424
	18.1 Introduction	424
	18.2 Preparing for sewer rehabilitation	427
	18.3 Methods of structural repair and renovation	431
	18.4 Hydraulic rehabilitation	440
	Problems	441
	Key sources	442
	References	442
	19 Flow models	443
	19.1 Models and urban drainage engineering	443
	19.2 Deterministic models	444
	19.3 Elements of a .ow model	445
	19.4 Modelling unsteady .ow	447
	19.5 Computer packages	454
	19.6 Setting up and using a system model	457
	19.7 Flow models in context	462
	Problems	463
	Key sources	463
	References	463
	20 Quality models	465
	20.1 Development of quality models	465
	20.2 The processes to be modelled	467
	20.3 Modelling pollutant transport	469
	20.4 Modelling pollutant transformation	473
	20.5 Use of quality models	477
	Problems	481
	Key sources	481
	References	481
	21 Stormwater management	483
	21.1 Introduction	483
	21.2 Devices	485
	21.3 SUDS applications	494
	21.4 Elements of design	495
	21.5 Water quality	501
	21.7 Other stormwater management measures	504
	Problems	506
	Key sources	506
	References	507
	22 Integrated management and control	509
	22.1 Introduction	509
	22.2 Urban Pollution Management	509
	22.3 Real-time control	511
	22.4 Integrated modelling	517
	22.5 In-sewer treatment	520
	Problems	523
	Key sources	523
	References	524
	23 Low-income communities	526
	23.1 Introduction	526
	23.2 Health	527
	23.3 Option selection	529
	23.4 On-site sanitation	530
	23.5 Off-site sanitation	534
	23.6 Storm drainage	536
	Problems	542
	Key sources	542
	References	542
	24 Towards sustainability	544
	24.1 Introduction	544
	24.2 Sustainability in urban drainage	545
	24.3 Steps in the right direction	550
	24.4 Assessing sustainability	553
	Problems	555
	Key sources	555
	References	556
	Useful websites	558
	Index	559