Contents	8
	Illustrations	12
	Figures	12
	Tables	15
	Preface	18
	Disclaimer	18
	Acknowledgements	19
	Abbreviations and symbols	21
	Symbols	23
	1 What is a SCL tunnel?	24
	1.1 Sprayed concrete Ò the early days	26
	1.2 Why use sprayed concrete linings?	27
	1.3 Development of SCL tunnelling	28
	2 Sprayed concrete	32
	2.1 Constituents and mix design	32
	2.2 Material properties and behaviour	37
	Notes	75
	3 Construction methods	76
	3.1 Soft ground	77
	3.2 Blocky rock	82
	3.3 Hard rock	86
	3.4 Modern sprayed concrete	90
	Note	101
	4 Design approaches	102
	4.1 Observation vs prediction	102
	4.2 Basic principles	105
	4.3 Design tools	124
	4.4 Code compliance	128
	4.5 Continuity between design and construction	131
	Notes	131
	5 Modelling sprayed concrete	132
	5.1 Linear elastic models	133
	5.2 Hypothetical Modulus of Elasticity (HME)	136
	5.3 Nonlinear stress-strain behaviour	138
	5.4 Tensile strength	146
	5.5 Shrinkage	148
	5.6 Creep models	149
	5.7 Ageing	165
	5.8 Construction sequence	169
	5.9 Construction defects	174
	5.10 Summary	176
	Notes	178
	6 Detailed design	180
	6.1 Design for tunnels in soft ground	180
	6.2 Design for tunnels in blocky rock	183
	6.3 Design for tunnels in hard rock	186
	6.4 Shafts	188
	6.5 Junctions	189
	6.6 Tunnels in close proximity	193
	6.7 Portals	194
	6.8 Special cases	195
	6.9 Specifications	202
	6.10 Detailing	204
	Note	206
	7 Construction management	207
	7.1 Quality control	207
	7.2 Instrumentation and monitoring	212
	7.3 DesignerÌs Representative on site	219
	7.4 Daily Review Meetings (DRM)	220
	Notes	222
	Appendices	224
	Appendix	225
	A The evolution	225
	of mechanical	225
	properties	225
	of sprayed concrete with time	225
	Appendix	227
	A	227
	Appendix B Nonlinear elastic constitutive model for sprayed concrete ( after Kostovos and Newman 1978)	229
	Appendix	231
	C Plasticity	231
	models for sprayed concrete	231
	Appendix	233
	C	233
	Appendix	235
	D Creep models for sprayed concrete	235
	Appendix	237
	D	237
	Appendix	239
	D	239
	Appendix E Key to figures from Thomas (2003)	240
	Appendix F Thermo-chemo-mechanical constitutive model for sprayed concrete	243
	Appendix	244
	G Frequency	244
	of testing from Austrian	244
	guidelines*	244
	Bibliography	246
	Index	260