TABLE OF CONTENTS	6
	Preface	12
	Contextual Valence Shifters	18
	1. Introduction	18
	2. From Simple Valence to Contextually Determined Valence	19
	3. Contextual Valence Shifters	20
	4. Conclusion	26
	5. Bibliography	27
	Conveying Attitude with Reported Speech	28
	1. Introduction	28
	2. Evidential Analysis of Reported Speech	29
	3. Profile Structure	31
	4. Extended Example	33
	5. Source List Annotation	34
	6. Extension to Other Attribution	37
	7. Conclusion	37
	8. Acknowledgements	38
	9. Bibliography	38
	Where Attitudinal Expressions Get their Attitude	40
	1. Research Questions to Motivate the Study of Attitudinal Expressions	40
	2. Starting Points – Prototypical Attitudinal Expressions	41
	3. Text Topicality: Players	41
	4. Text Topicality: Moves	42
	5. Identifying Players	42
	6. The Case for Animacy: Adjectival Attributes and Genitive Attributes	42
	7. The Case for Syntactic Structure: Situational Reference	43
	8. Using Syntactic Patterns more Systematically	45
	9. Generalizing from Syntactic Patterns to the Lexicon	46
	10. Conclusions	46
	11. Bibliography	47
	The Subjectivity of Lexical Cohesion in Text	56
	1. Introduction	56
	2. Theoretical Background	57
	3. Experimental Study	58
	4. Discussion	60
	5. Acknowledgements	61
	6. Bibliography	61
	A Weighted Referential Activity Dictionary	63
	1. Introduction	64
	2. Methods	66
	3. Results	72
	4. Bibliography	74
	Certainty Identification in Texts: Categorization Model and Manual Tagging Results	75
	1. Analytical Framework	76
	2. Proposed Certainty Categorization Model	79
	3. Empirical Study	82
	4. Applications	88
	5. Conclusions and Future Work	88
	6. Acknowledgements	89
	7. Bibliography	89
	Evaluating an Opinion Annotation Scheme Using a New Multi-Perspective Question and Answer Corpus	91
	1. Introduction	91
	2. Low-Level Perspective Information	92
	3. The MPQA NRRC Corpus	94
	4. Multi-Perspective Question and Answer Corpus Creation	94
	5. Evaluation of Perspective Annotations for MPQA	97
	6. Conclusions and Future Work	103
	7. Acknowledgements	103
	8. Bibliography	104
	A Computational Semantic Lexicon of French Verbs of Emotion	121
	1. Introduction	121
	2. Semantic Lexicon Description	121
	3. FEELING System	128
	4. Evaluation	134
	5. Related Work	135
	6. Conclusion	135
	7. Bibliography	135
	Extracting Opinion Propositions and Opinion Holders using Syntactic and Lexical Cues	137
	1. Introduction	137
	2. Data	139
	3. Opinion-Oriented Words	142
	4. Identifying Opinion Propositions	144
	5. Results	148
	6. Error Analysis	150
	7. Discussion	151
	8. Acknowledgments	152
	9. Bibliography	152
	Approaches for Automatically Tagging Affect: Steps Toward an Effective and Efficient Tool	154
	1. Introduction	154
	2. Background	155
	3. Rochester Marriage-Counseling Corpus	156
	4. Approaches to Tagging	157
	5. Evaluations	164
	6. Discussion	165
	7. CATS Tool	167
	8. Related Work	168
	9. Conclusion	168
	10. Acknowledgments	169
	11. Bibliography	169
	Argumentative Zoning for Improved Citation Indexing	170
	1. Citation Indexing and Citation Maps	170
	2. Argumentative Zoning and Author Affect	172
	3. Meta-discourse	174
	4. Human Annotation of Author Affect	176
	5. Features for Author Affect	178
	6. Evaluation	178
	7. Conclusion	179
	8. Bibliography	179
	Two Exploratory Studies Politeness and Bias in Dialogue Summarization	181
	1. Introduction	182
	2. First Study: Politeness and Bias in Unconstrained Dialogue Summarization	184
	3. Second Study: Politeness and Bias in Constrained Dialogue Summarization	188
	4. Comparison	190
	5. Conclusion and Outlook	191
	6. Acknowledgements	192
	7. Bibliography	192
	8. Appendix I	195
	Generating More-Positive and More-Negative Text	196
	1. Near-Synonyms and Attitudinal Nuances	196
	2. Related Work	198
	3. Estimating the Relative Semantic Orientation of Text	198
	4. Word Sense Disambiguation	199
	5. Analysis	199
	6. Generation	200
	7. Experiments	201
	8. Evaluation	204
	9. Conclusion	205
	10. Acknowledgements	205
	11. Bibliography	205
	Identifying Interpersonal Distance using Systemic Features	208
	1. Introduction	209
	2. Systemic Functional Linguistics	209
	3. Representing System Networks	213
	4. Identifying Registers	218
	5. Conclusion	221
	6. Bibliography	221
	Corpus-Based Study of Scientific Methodology: Comparing the Historical and Experimental Sciences	224
	1. Introduction	225
	2. Background	225
	3. Systemic Indicators as Textual Features	228
	4. Experimental Study	231
	5. Example Texts	236
	6. Conclusions	237
	7. Acknowledgements	237
	8. References	237
	Argumentative Zoning Applied to Critiquing Novices™ Scientific Abstracts	241
	1. Introduction	242
	2. The SciPo System	242
	3. Argumentative Zoning for Portuguese Texts	245
	4. Evaluation of SciPo™s Critiquing Tool	250
	5. Conclusions	252
	6. Acknowledgements	252
	7. Bibliography	252
	Using Hedges to Classify Citations in Scientific Articles	255
	1. Scientific Writing, the Need for Affect, and Its Role in Citation Analysis	255
	2. Hedging in Scientific Writing	256
	3. Classifying Citations in Scientific Writing	258
	4. Determining the Importance of Hedges in Citation Contexts	260
	5. A Citation Indexing Tool for Biomedical Literature Analysis	264
	6. Conclusions and Future Work	269
	7. Acknowledgements	269
	8. Bibliography	269
	Towards a Robust Metric of Polarity	272
	1. Introduction	272
	2. Related Work	273
	3. Classes of Polar Expression	275
	4. Recognizing Polar Language	276
	5. Topic Detection in Online Messages	277
	6. The Intersection of Topic and Polarity	279
	7. Empirical Analysis	280
	8. Metrics for Topic and Polarity	282
	9. Conclusions and Future Work	284
	10. References	285
	Characterizing Buzz and Sentiment in Internet Sources: Linguistic Summaries and Predictive Behaviors	287
	1. Introduction and Motivation	287
	2. Linguistic Summaries	288
	3. Example Applications	295
	4. TRENDS-2™ Infrastructure	298
	5. Previous and Related Work	299
	6. Open R&D and Application Issues	299
	7. Bibliography	300
	Good News or Bad News? Let the Market Decide	303
	1. Introduction	303
	2. Experiments	304
	3. Results	305
	4. Conclusions	306
	Opinion Polarity Identification of Movie Reviews	308
	1. Introduction	308
	2. Related Research	309
	3. Probabilistic Approaches to Polarity Identification	310
	4. Features for Analysis	311
	5. Part of Speech Feature Selection	312
	6. Experiments	313
	7. Synonymy and Hypernymy Feature Generalization	317
	8. Selection by Ranking	319
	9. Discussion	319
	10. Conclusion	320
	11. Acknowledgements	320
	12. Bibliography	320
	Multi-Document Viewpoint Summarization Focused on Facts, Opinion and Knowledge	322
	1. Introduction	323
	2. Experiment Overview: Multi-Document Viewpoint Summarization with Summary Types	324
	3. Sentence-type Annotation	328
	4. Genre Classification	330
	5. Experiment Results	333
	6. Conclusion	338
	7. Acknowledgement	339
	8. Bibliography	339
	INDEX	342