Preface	5
	Acknowledgments	8
	Committee Members	8
	Contents	11
	Introduction: Models, Modeling, and Model-Driven Architecture (MDA)	13
	1 Introduction	13
	2 Modeling Approaches	15
	3 MDA Principles	18
	3.1 A Simple Example	20
	3.2 Summary	21
	4 Automating Generation with Patterns and Transformations	22
	4.1 How Models Evolve	22
	4.2 Understanding Model Transformation	23
	4.3 Applying Model Transformations	24
	5 Summary	27
	6 Acknowledgements	27
	Part I Conceptual Foundations of Model-Driven Development	29
	A Systematic Look at Model Transformations	30
	1 Foundation	30
	2 Classification of Model Transformations	32
	2.1 Fine-Grained Classification Scheme	33
	2.2 System and Model Transformations	34
	2.3 Model and Formalism Transformations	35
	3 Using the Classification Scheme	36
	3.1 High-level Language Compiler Transformations	37
	3.2 Transformational Software Development	37
	3.3 MDSD Transformations	38
	3.4 Horizontal Transformations	43
	4 Conclusion	43
	5 Acknowledgments	44
	Tool Support for Model-Driven Development of Security-Critical Systems with UML	45
	1 Introduction	45
	1.1 Overview and Background	47
	2 UML Machines and UML Machine Systems	48
	3 Formal Semantics for a Fragment of UML	51
	3.1 Sequence Diagrams	51
	3.2 Reasoning about Model Properties	53
	3.3 Using External Verification Tools	54
	4 UML and XML-Based Analysis for Critical Systems Development	55
	5 Tools for Advanced XML-Based Processing of UML Models	56
	5.1 XML-Based Data Binding with MDR	58
	5.2 XML-Based UML Tools Suite	60
	6 Related Work	64
	7 Conclusion	64
	Caste-centric Modelling of Multi-agent Systems: The CAMLE Modelling Language and Automated Tools	66
	1 Introduction	66
	2 Meta-model of Multi-agent Systems	68
	3 The CAMLE Modelling Language	71
	3.1 The Overall Structure of Models	71
	3.2 Caste Model	71
	3.3 Collaboration Model	73
	3.3.1 Scenarios of Collaboration	74
	3.3.2 Re.nement of Collaboration Models	75
	3.4 Behaviour Model	75
	3.4.1 Scenario Diagrams	76
	3.4.2 Behaviour Diagrams	78
	4 Consistency Constraints on the Models	79
	4.1 Intra-model Consistency	80
	4.1.1 Constraints on Caste Models	80
	4.1.2 Constraints on Collaboration Models	80
	4.1.3 Constraints on Behaviour Models	83
	4.2 Inter-model Consistency	83
	4.2.1 Consistency Between Collaboration Models and Caste Models	83
	4.2.2 Consistency Between Behaviour Models and Caste Models	84
	4.2.3 Consistency Between Collaboration Models and Behaviour Models	85
	4.3 Discussion	86
	5 Automatic Generation of Formal Specifications	88
	5.1 The Specfication Language SLABS	88
	5.2 The Overall Transformation Algorithm	89
	5.3 Generation of Behaviour Descriptions	91
	5.3.1 Recognition of Behaviour Rules	91
	5.3.2 Translation of Rules into SLABS Format	92
	5.3.3 Transformation Rules for Behaviour Patterns	93
	5.3.4 Transformation Rules for Scenarios	93
	5.4 Discussion	95
	6 The CAMLE Modelling Environment	95
	6.1 The Overall Architecture	95
	6.2 Case Studies	97
	7 Conclusion	98
	8 Acknowledgements	98
	Using Graph Transformation for Practical Model-Driven Software Engineering	99
	1 Introduction	99
	2 A Basic Introduction to the Graph Transformation Concepts	100
	2.1 Directed Typed Graphs and Graph Morphisms	101
	2.2 Graph Variants	101
	2.3 Graph Transformation and Graph Transformation Systems Basic Principles	102
	2.4 Graph Transformation Variants	104
	2.5 Alternatives for a Graph Transformation Approach	104
	3 Graph Transformations for Vertical Model Transformation	106
	3.1 The Fujaba Approach	106
	3.2 Comparison with other Related Approaches	113
	4 Graph Transformations for Horizontal Model Transformation	114
	4.1 The Fujaba Approach Refactoring as an Example of Horizontal Rephrasing	115
	4.2 Comparison with other Related Approaches Hypergraph Transformation Approaches	116
	5 Graph Grammars for Model Analysis and Verification	118
	5.1 Correctness Criteria for Transformations	118
	5.2 CheckVML: A Tool for Model Checking Graph Grammars	118
	5.3 Reachability Analysis of Flattened Statecharts	122
	5.4 Comparison with other Related Approaches	123
	6 Conclusions and FutureWork	124
	A Generalized Notion of Platforms for Model-Driven Development	126
	1 Introduction	126
	2 What Is a Platform?	128
	2.1 Hardware	129
	2.2 Operating System	129
	2.3 Virtual Machine	129
	2.4 Language Support	130
	2.5 Libraries	130
	2.6 Framework	130
	3 Describing Platforms	131
	3.1 Hardware	131
	3.2 Operating System	131
	3.3 Virtual Machine	131
	3.4 Language Support	132
	3.5 Library and Framework	132
	4 Platforms and Platform Models for MDA	132
	4.1 Generalized MDD Platform Model	133
	4.2 Stack Example	135
	5 Model Transformation Tools	139
	6 Summary	142
	7 Acknowledgements	143
	Part II Technical Infrastructure of Model-Driven Development	144
	A Tool Infrastructure for Model-Driven Development Using Aspectual Patterns	145
	1 Introduction	145
	2 Characteristics of MDD Tools	146
	2.1 Support for Multiple Artifact Types	147
	2.2 Support for Various Development Activities	148
	2.3 Support for Decomposing Systems into Separate Concerns	149
	2.4 A Two-Dimensional Development Approach	149
	3 Concepts for MDD Tool Infrastructure	151
	3.1 Separation of Concerns	151
	3.2 Aspectual Patterns	151
	3.3 Pattern Role Diagrams	153
	3.4 Using Aspectual Patterns for Multiple Artifact Types	154
	3.5 Composition of Aspectual Patterns	155
	3.6 Identifying and Documenting Aspectual Patterns	158
	3.7 Aspectual Patterns as Transformations	159
	4 Implementation – MADE	159
	4.1 MADE Toolset	159
	4.2 Presenting Heterogeneous Aspectual Patterns in MADE	161
	4.3 Composing Aspectual Patterns	163
	4.4 Main Features of MADE	164
	5 Supporting Different Activities	165
	5.1 Feature Variability Management	166
	5.2 Maintenance	170
	5.3 Framework Specialization	173
	5.4 Comprehension	177
	6 Related Work	180
	6.1 Aspectual Patterns	181
	6.2 Separation of Concerns	181
	6.3 MDD	182
	6.4 Tools	182
	7 Conclusions	183
	8 Acknowledgements	184
	Automatically Discovering Transitive Relationships in Class Diagrams	185
	1 Introduction	185
	2 Illustrative Example	186
	3 Simple Abstraction	188
	3.1 Semantic Rules	188
	3.2 Living with Ambiguous Class Definitions	190
	3.3 Other Abstraction Rules	192
	3.4 The Complete List	192
	4 Composite Abstraction	195
	4.1 Path Abstraction	195
	4.2 Paths among Neighboring Important Classes	196
	4.3 Abstracting Cardinalities	198
	4.4 Path Exploration	199
	5 Automation and Tool Support	200
	6 Validation	200
	6.1 Validity of Abstraction Rules and Algorithm	200
	6.2 Manual Abstraction Versus Automation	201
	7 Related Work	202
	8 Conclusion	204
	9 Acknowledgements	204
	Generic and Domain-Specific Model Refactoring Using a Model Transformation Engine	205
	1 Introduction	205
	2 Background: Model Transformation with GME and C-SAW	206
	2.1 The Generic Modeling Environment	206
	2.2 Constraint-Specification Aspect Weaver	207
	3 Model Refactoring Browser	208
	4 Generic Model Refactorings	210
	4.1 Class Diagram Refactorings	210
	4.2 GME Meta-model Refactorings	212
	5 Domain-Specific Model Refactorings	214
	5.1 Refactoring Quality of Service Models	214
	5.2 Refactoring Petri nets	218
	6 Related Work	221
	7 Conclusions and FutureWork	222
	8 Acknowledgements	223
	A Testing Framework for Model Transformations	224
	1 Introduction	224
	2 Background	227
	3 Detecting the Differences Between Models	228
	3.1 Graph Representation of Models	228
	3.2 Model Mapping and Difference	229
	3.3 Model Comparison	230
	4 A Framework for Model Transformation Testing	232
	4.1 Test Case Constructor	232
	4.2 Test Engine	233
	4.3 Test Analyzer	233
	5 Case Study: Example Application of Model Transformation Testing	234
	5.1 Test Specification Definition	236
	5.2 Test Case Construction	237
	5.3 Test Results and Difference Indication	238
	5.4 Correction of the Model Transformation Specification	238
	6 Related Work	239
	7 Conclusions and FutureWork	240
	8 Acknowledgements	241
	Parallax - An Aspect-Enabled Framework for Plug-in-Based MDA Refinements Towards Middleware	242
	1 Introduction	242
	2 Parallax and Enterprise Fondue	244
	2.1 The Architecture of Parallax	247
	2.2 The Parallax Core	248
	3 The Framework of Parallax Plug-ins	252
	3.1 Code Generator Plug-ins	256
	3.2 Parallax Aspect-Plug-ins	257
	3.2.1 Concern-Oriented and Concern-on-Technology Aspect-Plug-ins	258
	3.2.2 Concern-on-Platform Aspect-Plug-ins	261
	3.3 Discussion	264
	4 The Parallax Tool Support	264
	5 Related Work	268
	6 Conclusions and FutureWork	270
	7 Acknowledgements	272
	Evolution and Maintenance of MDA Applications	273
	1 Software Evolution	273
	1.1 Innovation Cycles	273
	1.2 Dependency Chains	274
	1.3 Maintainability	276
	2 MDA Development Environment	276
	2.1 "Funcar” Application Case Study	276
	2.2 Run-time Environment	276
	2.3 Development Tool Chain	277
	2.4 Reference Architectures	277
	2.5 Business Modeling with UML	279
	2.6 Model Interchange with XMI	279
	2.7 Code Generation with Velocity	280
	2.8 Business Code in the Target Language Java	281
	2.9 Model Transformation	282
	3 Maintainability of MDA Applications	283
	3.1 Change in the Run-time Environment	284
	3.2 Evolution of the Reference Architecture	286
	3.3 Change in the Development Tool Chain	286
	3.4 External Evolution of UML, XMI, or MDA	287
	3.5 New Requirements	288
	4 Related Work	289
	5 Conclusion	289
	Part III Case Studies	291
	Intents and Upgrades in Component-Based High-Assurance Systems	292
	1 Introduction	292
	2 Intents and Upgrades	294
	2.1 Dependability and Components	294
	2.2 Constructing the Correct	296
	2.3 Dependable Assemblies of Correct Components	297
	3 Intent Specifications	298
	4 Support for Upgrades	299
	4.1 Example: Unmanned Vehicle	300
	5 From Specification to Design	302
	6 Results and Lessons Learnt	303
	6.1 Upgraded Unmanned Vehicle	303
	6.2 Secure Communication Platform	304
	6.3 Airbag Software	305
	6.4 Final Remarks	305
	7 Acknowledgements	306
	On Modeling Techniques for Supporting Model-Driven Development of Protocol Processing Applications	307
	1 Introduction	307
	1.1 Models and Modeling Languages	308
	1.2 Model-Driven Software Development Methods	309
	2 Tool Support for MDA	310
	2.1 SMW Tool	311
	2.2 Scripts	311
	2.3 Queries: Metrics, Constraints, and Guidelines	312
	2.4 Model Transformations	315
	3 A Design Methodology for Protocol Processing Applications	316
	3.1 Functional Specification of the Application	318
	3.2 From General Specifications to Specific Implementations	319
	3.3 System Generation	323
	4 Automating Model Transformations in the Methodology	324
	5 Conclusions	329
	6 Acknowledgements	330
	An Integrated Model-Driven Development Environment for Composing and Validating Distributed Real-Time and Embedded Systems	331
	1 Introduction	332
	2 An Overview of the CoSMIC and Cadena MDD Environments	334
	2.1 Overview of CoSMIC	334
	2.2 Overview of Cadena	337
	3 Approaches to Integrating MDD Tools for DRE Systems	341
	4 Demonstrating Integrated CoSMIC - Cadena Capabilities via a Robot Assembly Case Study	348
	4.1 Structure and Functionality of the Robot Assembly Application	348
	4.2 Key Capabilities Provided by CoSMIC and Cadena Integration for the Robot Assembly Application	350
	4.3 Summary of the Robot Assembly Case Study	358
	5 Related Work	359
	6 Concluding Remarks	360
	A Model-Driven Technique for Development of Embedded Systems Based on the DEVS Formalism	364
	1 Introduction	364
	2 Background	365
	3 The CD++ Toolkit	367
	4 Incremental development of a DEVS Simulation Model	371
	5 Hybrid Applications: An Automated Factory Model	376
	6 Development Improvements	382
	7 Conclusion	383
	8 Acknowledgements	384
	Model-Driven Service Engineering	385
	1 The MDA Idea	385
	2 Model-Driven Development	387
	3 Abstraction Criteria	390
	4 Towards Model-Driven Service Engineering	391
	4.1 The Nature of Services	392
	4.2 Role and Actor Modeling – RAM	393
	4.3 Service Modeling	395
	4.4 Implementation and Platform Issues	396
	4.5 RAM and MDA	397
	5 Concluding Remarks	399
	6 Acknowledgements	400
	Practical Insights into Model-Driven Architecture: Lessons from the Design and Use of an MDA Toolkit	402
	1 Introduction	402
	2 The MDA Toolkit for IBM Rational XDE Java	404
	2.1 Motivation	404
	2.2 Key Aspects of the MDA Toolkit	404
	2.3 The Role of UML Profiles	406
	2.4 Packaging and Delivering MDA Toolkit Transformations	406
	3 Lessons in the Design and Application of MDA Solutions	407
	3.1 Semantic Model Connections	407
	3.2 Identify Candidate Transformations	408
	3.3 Document Transformation Requirements	409
	3.4 Create UML Profiles	417
	3.5 Develop the Transformation	419
	3.6 Deploy the Transformation	423
	4 Commentary	424
	4.1 The MDA Process	424
	4.2 Using MDA to Customize a Solution Framework	427
	5 Summary and Future Directions	429
	6 Acknowledgements	430
	References	431
	Index	457