Contents	7
	List of Figures	9
	List of Tables	13
	Preface	15
	Acknowledgments	17
	Chapter 1 Introduction	18
	Chapter 2 Visual data formats	28
	1. Image and Video Data	28
	2. DCT-based Systems	29
	2.1 JPEG	29
	2.2 MPEG Video Coding (MPEG-1,2,4)	29
	2.3 ITU H.26X Video Conferencing	31
	3. Wavelet-based Systems	31
	3.1 SPIHT	33
	3.2 JPEG 2000	34
	4. Further Techniques	35
	4.1 Quadtrees	35
	4.2 Fractal Coding	36
	4.3 Vector Quantisation	36
	4.4 Lossless Formats: JBIG, GIF, PNG	36
	Chapter 3 Cryptography Primer	38
	1. Introduction, Terminology	38
	2. Secret key vs. Public key Cryptography	39
	3. Block Ciphers	40
	3.1 sidestep: XOR	41
	3.2 Operation Modes for Block Ciphers	41
	3.3 DES and triple-DES	42
	3.4 AES	43
	3.5 Other Blockciphers	44
	4. Stream Ciphers	44
	4.1 One Time Pad — OTP	45
	5. Hybrid Algorithms, some Applications	45
	5.1 PGP	45
	5.2 SSL and TLS	45
	6. Cryptanalysis Overview	46
	7. Further Information	47
	Chapter 4 Application scenarios for the encryption of visual data	48
	1. Security provided by Infrastructure or Application	48
	2. Full Encryption vs. Selective Encryption	49
	2.1 Off-line Scenario:	50
	2.2 On-line Scenario:	51
	2.3 Selective Encryption of a JPEG-2000 Bitstream	51
	3. Interplay between Compression and Encryption	54
	3.1 Basic Building Blocks: Compression, Encryption, and Transmission	55
	3.2 Encryption and Transmission	57
	3.3 Cost Optimal Configuration of Confidential Visual Data Transmission	57
	Chapter 5 Image and video encryption	62
	1. DCT-based Techniques	64
	1.1 Image Encryption	64
	1.2 Video Encryption	75
	1.3 Our Implementations of selective MPEG-encryption	79
	1.4 Encryption of Scalable or Embedded Bitstreams	91
	2. Wavelet-based Techniques	99
	2.1 Compression Oriented Schemes	100
	2.2 Bitstream Oriented Schemes	124
	3. Further Techniques	132
	3.1 Raw Image Data	132
	3.2 Quadtrees	142
	3.3 Fractal-based system	143
	3.4 Vector quantisation based system	143
	3.5 Base-switching based system	144
	4. Transparent Encryption	144
	5. Commercial Applications and Standards	146
	5.1 JPSEC — secure JPEG 2000	146
	5.2 IPMP — Intellectual Property Management and Protection	146
	5.3 MPEG, DVB & CSA	147
	5.4 DVD	149
	5.5 Other commercial products	150
	Chapter 6 Conclusions	152
	Appendix	155
	A Copyrighted sections	155
	B Test Images and Videos	156
	1. Cover Page	156
	2. Test Images	156
	3. Sequence 1 — Bowing	158
	4. Sequence 2 — Surf Side	158
	5. Sequence 3 — Coast Guard	158
	6. Sequence 4 — Akiyo	159
	7. Sequence 5 — Calendar	159
	C Authors’ Biographies	160
	References	162
	Index	176