Contents	5
	About the Editors	7
	Acknowledgements	9
	Preface	11
	Chapter 1 Models, Software Models and UML	14
	1. ON MODELS	14
	1.1 The Role of Models in Engineering	14
	1.2 Characteristics of Good Engineering Models	16
	1.3 Models of Software	16
	2. THE UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE	21
	2.1 Customizing UML	23
	2.2 UML Profiles	26
	3. SUMMARY	27
	REFERENCES	28
	Chapter 2 UML for Real-Time	30
	1. INTRODUCTION	30
	2. QUALITATIVE REAL-TIME FEATURES	32
	2.1 Concurrency Modeling	32
	2.2 Communication Modeling	36
	2.3 Behavior Modeling	41
	3. QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME FEATURES	52
	3.1 RT modeling within state diagrams	52
	3.2 RT modeling within sequence diagrams	54
	3.3 UML Profile for Scheduling, Performance, and Time	55
	4. FROM NOTATIONS TO DEVELOPMENT PLATFORMS: THE ACCORD/UML APPROACH	56
	5. OMG PERSPECTIVES	61
	REFERENCES	62
	Chapter 3 Structural Modeling with UML 2.0	66
	1. STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS OF UML 2.0 – THE ORIGINS	66
	2. EXAMPLE – AN ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM	68
	2.1 Introducing the Example – Domain Statement	68
	2.2 Domain Class Model	69
	2.3 Behavior Modeling with Interactions (I)	71
	2.4 Modeling with Internal Structures	74
	2.5 Behavior Modeling with Interactions (II) – Decomposition	76
	2.6 Finalizing the Internal Structure	79
	2.7 Behavioral Modeling with State machines	81
	2.8 The Consistency of Interactions and State Machines	85
	3. CONCLUSIONS	88
	REFERENCES	88
	Chapter 4 Message Sequence Charts	90
	1. MSCS AND HMSCS	92
	1.1 Basic MSCs	93
	1.2 Regular collections of MSCs	94
	1.3 High-level MSCs and message sequence graphs	96
	1.4 Other work on MSCs	98
	2. LIVE SEQUENCE CHARTS	99
	2.1 The duality of possible and necessary	100
	2.2 Control constructs	104
	3. THE PLAY-IN/PLAY-OUT APPROACH	105
	3.1 Playing in Behavior	106
	3.2 Play-out	108
	4. COMMUNICATING TRANSACTION PROCESSES	109
	5. SOME EXTENSIONS	113
	5.1 Object Features	113
	5.2 Timing Constraints	115
	REFERENCES	117
	Chapter 5 UML and Platform-based Design	120
	1. INTRODUCTION	120
	1.1 Platform-based Design	121
	1.2 UML and Embedded System Design	122
	2. BACKGROUND	124
	2.1 Related work	124
	2.2 The Metropolis design environment	125
	3. UML PLATFORM PROFILE	126
	3.1 Modeling Platforms Using UML	126
	3.2 Stereotypes	127
	4. UML PLATFORM DESIGN METHODOLOGY	129
	4.1 Design Problem Formulation	130
	4.2 Functional Specification	131
	4.3 Platform Specification	134
	4.4 Communication Refinement	135
	4.5 Mapping	137
	5. CONCLUSIONS	139
	REFERENCES	139
	Chapter 6 UML for Hardware and Software Object Modeling	140
	1. INTRODUCTION	140
	2. EMBEDDED SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT METHODS	142
	3. THE HASOC DESIGN LIFECYCLE	143
	3.1 Product Concept	144
	3.2 Uncommitted Modeling	145
	3.3 Committed Modeling	146
	3.4 System Integration	147
	3.5 Platform Modeling	147
	4. CASE STUDY: DIGITAL CAMERA	149
	4.1 Uncommitted Model	150
	4.2 Committed Modelling	152
	4.3 System Integration	153
	4.4 Platform Modelling	155
	5. CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER WORK	158
	REFERENCES	159
	Chapter 7 Fine Grained Patterns for Real-Time Systems	162
	1. INTRODUCTION	162
	1.1 What is a Design Pattern?	163
	1.2 Basic Structure of Design Patterns	166
	2. USING DESIGN PATTERNS IN DEVELOPMENT	169
	2.1 Pattern Hatching – Locating the right patterns	169
	2.2 Pattern Mining – Rolling your own patterns	171
	2.3 Pattern Instantiation – Applying Patterns in your designs	172
	3. CATEGORIES OF MECHANISTIC PATTERNS	173
	3.1 Resource Management	174
	3.2 Concurrency	175
	3.3 Distribution	177
	3.4 Safety and Reliability	178
	3.5 Reuse and Software Quality Patterns	181
	3.6 Reactive (behavioral) patterns	182
	REFERENCES	183
	Chapter 8 Architectural Patterns for Real-Time Systems	184
	1. INTRODUCTION	184
	2. THE BASIC STRUCTURAL MICRO-PATTERNS	185
	2.1 The Peer-to-Peer Micro-Pattern	186
	2.2 The Container Micro-Pattern	186
	2.3 The Layering Micro-Pattern	189
	3. THE VIRTUAL-MACHINE LAYERING PATTERN	189
	4. THE RECURSIVE CONTROL PATTERN	195
	5. SUMMARY	200
	REFERENCES	200
	Chapter 9 Modeling Quality of Service with UML	202
	1. INTRODUCTION	202
	2. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE REAL-TIME PROFILE	203
	3. COMPONENTS OF THE REAL-TIME PROFILE	205
	4. MODELING RESOURCES AND QOS	207
	4.1 Resources	207
	4.2 Analysis contexts	209
	4.3 Categories of resources	211
	5. MODELING TIME AND TIMING MECHANISMS	212
	5.1 The model of time	212
	5.2 Modeling timing mechanisms	214
	6. MODELING PLATFORMS	215
	7. SUMMARY	216
	REFERENCES	217
	Chapter 10 Modeling Metric Time	218
	1. INTRODUCTION	218
	2. PHILOSOPHICAL AND PHYSICAL TIME	221
	2.1 Continuous and discrete time	222
	3. METRIC TIME AS USED IN OMG PRODUCTS	223
	3.1 Point versus interval semantics of time	225
	4. TIMING ANALYSIS IN RT UML – THE USER PERSPECTIVE	226
	4.1 Interaction-centered models of computation	227
	4.2 Time modeling in interaction-centered model of computation – an example	228
	5. CONCLUSIONS	230
	REFERENCES	232
	Chapter 11 Performance Analysis with UML	234
	1. INTRODUCTION	234
	2. DEFINING PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND MEASURES	237
	3. INPUTS TO ANALYSIS: WORKLOAD PARAMETERS	239
	3.1 Resource Annotations	239
	3.2 Annotations for a Step on a Sequence Diagram	241
	3.3 Annotations for Load Intensity and Path Probability	242
	4. DEFINING A SCENARIO IN UML	242
	4.1 Defining a Scenario by a Sequence Diagram	243
	4.2 Defining a Scenario by an Activity Diagram	244
	5. PERFORMANCE MODELING	245
	5.1 Layered Queueing Model	247
	5.2 LQN for the Building Security System	247
	5.3 Analysis Results	249
	6. CONCLUSIONS	252
	REFERENCES	252
	Chapter 12 Schedulability Analysis with UML	254
	1. INTRODUCTION	254
	1.1 The logical model	257
	1.2 The physical architecture	259
	2. INTRODUCTION TO SCHEDULABILITY ANALYSIS	261
	2.1 Rate Monotonic Analysis	261
	2.2 Shared resources and priority inversion	264
	3. SCHEDULABILITY ANALYSIS OF OO DESIGNS USING RMA: TASK CENTRIC DESIGN	268
	3.1 Single event synchronization	270
	3.2 Multiple-event synchronization	271
	4. EVENT CENTRIC DESIGN	272
	4.1 Schedulability analysis approach	274
	4.2 Single thread implementation	275
	4.3 Multi-thread implementation: dynamic thread priorities	276
	4.4 Multi-thread implementation: problems with static thread priorities	278
	5. AUTOMATED SYNTHESIS	279
	6. OTHER APPROACHES	279
	7. CONCLUSIONS	280
	REFERENCES	280
	Chapter 13 Automotive UML	284
	1. THE AUTOMOTIVE DOMAIN	284
	1.1 Reconciling the Needs of Automotive Software Development with Model-Based Approaches	285
	1.2 Automotive Specific Constraints	287
	1.3 (Meta) Model-Based Development Processes	288
	1.4 Structure of the Chapter	289
	2. AML SURVEY	289
	2.1 The AML History	290
	2.2 AML Features in a Nutshell	290
	2.3 Using AML for Automotive Systems Development	292
	3. THE AML	293
	3.1 Abstraction Levels	294
	3.2 Definition of Metamodel Fragments	296
	3.3 Use of the Metamodel	299
	4. CASE STUDY	304
	4.1 The Window Regulator System	304
	4.2 Modeling	305
	5. CONCLUSIONS	311
	REFERENCES	311
	Chapter 14 Specifying Telecommunications Systems with UML	314
	1. ITU SERVICE DESCRIPTION METHODOLOGY	315
	2. ITU SPECIFICATION LANGUAGES	318
	3. ENTER UML	319
	4. SPECIFYING SERVICE DESCRIPTIONS	320
	5. THE UML TELECOM PROFILES	330
	REFERENCES	334
	Chapter 15 Leveraging UML to Deliver Correct Telecom Applications	336
	1. VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION	337
	1.1 A UML MSC Profile	338
	1.2 MSC Pathologies	341
	2. FEATURE ANALYSIS	343
	2.1 Consistency and Completeness of Protocols	344
	2.2 Example Verification	345
	3. TEST CASE GENERATION	348
	3.1 Semantic Model	349
	3.2 Test Generation	350
	3.3 Test Strategies	351
	4. END-TO-END V&V	353
	REFERENCES	355
	Chapter 16 Software Performance Engineering	356
	1. INTRODUCTION	356
	2. OVERVIEW OF SOFTWARE PERFORMANCE ENGINEERING	358
	3. THE SPE MODELING PROCESS	360
	4. CASE STUDY	364
	4.1 Overview	365
	5. SUMMARY	377
	REFERENCES	378
	Index	380
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