Preface	4
	I. Software Product Line Engineering	4
	II. Readers of the Book	4
	III. Book Overview	5
	IV. Share Your Experience!	8
	V. Acknowledgements	9
	I. Fourteen-Lecture Course on SPLE	11
	II. Two-Lecture Module on SPLE	13
	III. Four-Lecture Module on SPLE	13
	IV. One-Lecture Module on COTS Selection	14
	V. Three-Lecture Module on Testing in SPLE	14
	VI. Exercises	14
	Paper-Based Exercises	15
	Extending a Product Line and Deriving an Application	17
	Contents	20
	Part I Introduction	26
	Introduction to Software Product Line Engineering	27
	1.1 Principles of Product Line Engineering	28
	1.1.1 Mass Customisation	28
	1.1.2 Platforms	29
	1.1.3 Combining Platform-Based Development and Mass Customisation	31
	1.2 Engineering Customised Products	31
	1.2.1 Creating the Platform	31
	1.2.2 Introducing Flexibility	32
	1.2.3 Reorganising the Company	33
	1.3 Motivations for Product Line Engineering	33
	1.3.1 Reduction of Development Costs	33
	1.3.2 Enhancement of Quality	34
	1.3.3 Reduction of Time to Market	34
	1.3.4 Additional Motivations	35
	1.4 Software Product Line Engineering	37
	1.4.1 Definition	38
	1.4.2 Software Platform	39
	1.4.3 Prerequisites	40
	A Framework for Software Product Line Engineering	43
	2.1 Introduction	44
	2.2 Two Development Processes	44
	2.3 Overview of the Framework	45
	2.4 Domain Engineering	47
	2.4.1 Product Management	48
	2.4.2 Domain Requirements Engineering	49
	2.4.3 Domain Design	50
	2.4.4 Domain Realisation	51
	2.4.5 Domain Testing	51
	2.4.6 Other Software Quality Assurance Techniques	52
	2.5 Domain Artefacts	52
	2.5.1 Product Roadmap	52
	2.5.2 Domain Variability Model	53
	2.5.3 Domain Requirements	53
	2.5.4 Domain Architecture	53
	2.5.5 Domain Realisation Artefacts	54
	2.5.6 Domain Test Artefacts	54
	2.6 Application Engineering	54
	2.6.1 Application Requirements Engineering	55
	2.6.2 Application Design	56
	2.6.3 Application Realisation	57
	2.6.4 Application Testing	57
	2.7 Application Artefacts	58
	2.7.1 Application Variability Model	59
	2.7.2 Application Requirements	59
	2.7.3 Application Architecture	59
	2.7.4 Application Realisation Artefacts	59
	2.7.5 Application Test Artefacts	60
	2.8 Role of the Framework in the Book	60
	Overview of the Example Domain: Home Automation	63
	3.1 Smart Home Fundamentals	64
	3.1.1 Goals	64
	3.1.2 Stakeholders	65
	3.1.3 Smart Homes vs. Conventional Homes	65
	3.2 Building Blocks of a Home Automation System	67
	3.2.1 Sensors and Actuators	67
	3.2.2 Smart Control Devices	67
	3.2.3 The Home Gateway	68
	3.2.4 Networking	69
	3.2.5 Standards in the Home Automation Domain	69
	3.3 An Example	70
	3.3.1 System Functionality	70
	3.3.2 A Simple System Configuration	72
	3.3.3 System Component Interaction	73
	3.4 Software Variability in Smart Home Applications	74
	3.4.1 Examples of Variability	74
	3.4.2 Causes of Variability	75
	3.5 Role of the Home Automation Domain in the Book	76
	Part II: Overview	78
	Part II Product Line Variability	77
	Principles of Variability	79
	4.1 Introduction	80
	4.2 Variability Subject and Variability Object	81
	4.3 Variability in Software Product Line Engineering	83
	4.3.1 Variation Point	83
	4.3.2 Variant	84
	4.3.3 Defining Variation Points and Variants	85
	4.3.4 Variability of a Software Product Line	86
	4.4 Variability in Time vs. Variability in Space	87
	4.5 Internal and External Variability	90
	4.5.1 Causes of External Variability	91
	4.5.2 Causes of Internal Variability	91
	4.5.3 Deciding between Internal and External Variability	92
	4.5.4 The Variability Pyramid	93
	4.6 Orthogonal Variability Model	94
	4.6.1 Explicit Documentation of Variability	95
	4.6.2 Orthogonal Variability Definition	96
	4.6.3 Variation Points, Variants, and Variability Dependencies	97
	4.6.4 Alternative Choice	99
	4.6.5 Variability Constraints	101
	4.6.6 Traceability between Variability Model and Other Development Artefacts	104
	4.6.7 Graphical Notation	106
	4.6.8 An Example	107
	4.6.9 Terminology Issues	108
	4.7 Handling Complexity in Variability Models	109
	4.8 Differences from Single-System Engineering	110
	4.9 Summary	110
	Documenting Variability in Requirements Artefacts	111
	5.1 Introduction	112
	5.2 Documenting Requirements	113
	5.2.1 Model-Based vs. Textual Requirements Documentation	113
	5.2.2 Requirements Artefacts	114
	5.2.3 Goals and Features	114
	5.2.4 Scenarios and Use Cases	115
	5.2.5 Traditional Requirements Models	117
	5.3 Variability in Textual Requirements	118
	5.3.1 Defining Variability in Textual Requirements	119
	5.3.2 Documenting Variability Using XML	120
	5.4 Variability in Requirements Models	121
	5.4.1 Variability in Feature Models	121
	5.4.2 Variability in Use Case Models	125
	5.4.3 Variability in Traditional Requirements Models	127
	5.5 Traceability Between Variability Model and Requirements Artefacts	131
	5.6 Differences from Single-System Engineering	134
	5.7 Summary	135
	Documenting Variability in Design Artefacts	136
	6.1 Introduction	137
	6.2 Architectural Artefacts	138
	6.2.1 Architecture Views	140
	6.3 The Reference Architecture	144
	6.4 Variability in the Development View	145
	6.4.1 Subsystems and Layers	145
	6.4.2 Components	147
	6.4.3 The Role of Interfaces	148
	6.4.4 Configurations	149
	6.5 Variability in the Process View	152
	6.6 Variability in the Code View	153
	6.7 Differences from Single-System Engineering	155
	6.8 Summary	155
	Documenting Variability in Realisation Artefacts	156
	7.1 Introduction	157
	7.2 Detailed Design Artefacts	158
	7.3 Component Interface Variability	160
	7.3.1 Variability in Algorithms and Protocols	161
	7.3.2 Variability in Resources	162
	7.3.3 Variability in Application Configuration	163
	7.3.4 Many Components Providing the Interface	164
	7.4 Internal Component Variability	166
	7.5 Differences from Single-System Engineering	168
	7.6 Summary	168
	Documenting Variability in Test Artefacts	170
	8.1 Introduction	171
	8.2 Test Artefacts	172
	8.3 Variability in Test Artefacts	173
	8.3.1 Test Plan	173
	8.3.2 Test Case	174
	8.3.3 Test Case Scenario	175
	8.3.4 Test Case Scenario Step	176
	8.3.5 Test Summary Report	177
	8.4 Differences from Single-System Engineering	178
	8.5 Summary	178
	Part III: Overview	180
	Part III Domain Engineering	179
	Product Management	181
	9.1 Introduction	182
	9.1.1 Interrelation with Domain Requirements Engineering	183
	9.1.2 Interrelation with Application Requirements Engineering	184
	9.2 Terminology	184
	9.3 Traditional Product Management Activities	185
	9.4 Portfolio Management	186
	9.4.1 IT Business Types	187
	9.4.2 Product Life Cycle	188
	9.4.3 Product Portfolio Analysis	190
	9.4.4 Product Interdependences	192
	9.4.5 Product Variants	193
	9.5 Extension of the Product Portfolio	195
	9.5.1 Product Innovation	195
	9.5.2 Product Imitation	197
	9.5.3 Assessment of Product Ideas	197
	9.5.4 Product Definition with the Kano Scheme	199
	9.5.5 Quality Function Deployment (QFD)	204
	9.5.6 Target Costing	204
	9.6 Management of Existing Products	204
	9.6.1 Conservation and Expansion of Potentials	204
	9.6.2 Product Elimination	205
	9.7 Scoping	206
	9.8 Differences from Single-System Engineering	207
	9.8.1 Strategic Role of the Platform	208
	9.8.2 Product Definition	208
	9.8.3 Output	209
	9.9 Summary	209
	Domain Requirements Engineering	211
	10.1 Introduction	212
	10.1.1 Interrelation with Product Management	213
	10.1.2 Interrelation with Domain Design	213
	10.1.3 Interrelation with Application Requirements Engineering	214
	10.2 Traditional Requirements Engineering Activities	215
	10.3 Challenges of Domain Requirements Engineering	216
	10.3.1 Specific Activities	216
	10.3.2 Variability in Different Views	217
	10.4 Overview of Major Steps	217
	10.4.1 Defining Common Requirements	217
	10.4.2 Defining Variable Requirements	218
	10.5 Requirements Sources	219
	10.6 Commonality Analysis	219
	10.6.1 Application–Requirements Matrix	220
	10.6.2 Priority-Based Analysis	221
	10.6.3 Checklist-Based Analysis	222
	10.7 Variability Analysis	222
	10.7.1 Variability Analysis with the Application–Requirements Matrix	223
	10.7.2 Priority-Based Variability Analysis	223
	10.7.3 Checklist-Based Variability Analysis	224
	10.8 Defining Requirements Variability	224
	10.8.1 Variation Points and Variants	224
	10.8.2 Variability Dependencies	225
	10.8.3 Constraint Dependencies	227
	10.8.4 Adaptation of Product Line Variability Based on Product Management Decisions	227
	10.9 Example	227
	10.9.1 Commonality Analysis	228
	10.9.2 Variability Analysis	231
	10.9.3 Defining Variation Points and Variants	231
	10.9.4 Defining Variability Dependencies	232
	10.9.5 Defining Constraint Dependencies	232
	10.9.6 Documenting Domain Requirements	233
	10.10 Differences from Single-System Engineering	233
	10.11 Summary	234
	Domain Design	235
	11.1 Introduction	236
	11.1.1 Interrelation with Domain Requirements Engineering	236
	11.1.2 Interrelation with Domain Realisation	237
	11.1.3 Interrelation with Application Design	238
	11.2 Traditional Design Activities	238
	11.3 Quality Requirements	239
	11.4 Commonality and Variability in Design	243
	11.4.1 Requirements Prioritisation	244
	11.4.2 Mapping Between Requirements and Design	245
	11.4.3 Adding Variability in Design	247
	11.5 Designing the Reference Architecture	249
	11.5.1 Use of Component Frameworks	250
	11.5.2 Use of Application-Specific Plug-ins	252
	11.5.3 Use of Aspects	252
	11.5.4 Role of the Architectural Texture	253
	11.6 Architecture Validation	254
	11.7 Differences from Single-System Engineering	256
	11.8 Summary	257
	Domain Realisation	259
	12.1 Introduction	260
	12.1.1 Interrelation with Domain Design	261
	12.1.2 Interrelation with Domain Testing	261
	12.1.3 Interrelation with Application Realisation	261
	12.2 Traditional Realisation Activities	262
	12.3 Realising Interfaces	263
	12.3.1 Variable vs. Invariant Interfaces	263
	12.3.2 Interface Elements	264
	12.4 Realising Variable Components	266
	12.4.1 Quality of a Component	266
	12.4.2 Distributing Variability over Components	267
	12.5 Binding Time of Variability	268
	12.5.1 Before Compilation	269
	12.5.2 At Compile Time	270
	12.5.3 At Link Time	270
	12.5.4 At Load Time	271
	12.5.5 At Run-Time	271
	12.6 Realising Configurability	271
	12.7 Differences from Single-System Engineering	273
	12.8 Summary	273
	Domain Testing	275
	13.1 Introduction	276
	13.1.1 Interrelation with Domain Requirements Engineering	278
	13.1.2 Interrelation with Domain Design	279
	13.1.3 Interrelation with Domain Realisation	279
	13.1.4 Interrelation with Application Testing	279
	13.2 Software Testing	280
	13.2.1 Defects	281
	13.2.2 Test Levels	281
	13.3 Domain Testing and Application Testing	284
	13.4 Testing Variability at Different Test Levels	285
	13.4.1 Domain Unit Test	285
	13.4.2 Domain Integration Test	286
	13.4.3 Domain System Test	286
	13.5 Criteria for Product Line Test Strategies	288
	13.5.1 Time to Create Test Artefacts	288
	13.5.2 Absent Variants	288
	13.5.3 Early Validation	289
	13.5.4 Learning Effort	289
	13.5.5 Overhead	289
	13.6 Product Line Test Strategies	289
	13.6.1 Brute Force Strategy	290
	13.6.2 Pure Application Strategy	291
	13.6.3 Sample Application Strategy	293
	13.6.4 Commonality and Reuse Strategy	295
	13.6.5 Conclusions for Strategy Selection	298
	13.7 Domain Test Activities	299
	13.7.1 Domain Test Planning	299
	13.7.2 Domain Test Specification	300
	13.7.3 Domain Test Execution, Recording, and Completion	301
	13.8 Differences from Single-System Engineering	301
	13.9 Summary	302
	Selecting High- Level COTS Components	303
	14.1 Introduction	304
	14.1.1 Interrelation with Domain Requirements Engineering	305
	14.1.2 Interrelation with Domain Design	306
	14.2 The CoVAR Process	306
	14.2.1 Component Screening	309
	14.2.2 Detailed Component Evaluation	313
	14.2.3 Component Selection	318
	14.3 Differences from Single-System Engineering	318
	14.4 Summary	319
	Part IV: Overview	321
	Part IV Application Engineering	320
	Application Requirements Engineering	322
	15.1 Introduction	323
	15.1.1 Interrelation with Product Management	324
	15.1.2 Interrelation with Domain Requirements Engineering	325
	15.1.3 Interrelation with Application Design	326
	15.2 Application Requirements Engineering Activities	327
	15.3 Communication of the Product Line Variability	330
	15.3.1 Variation Points and Variants	330
	15.3.2 Domain Requirements Artefacts	331
	15.3.3 Result of the Communication Activity	333
	15.4 Analysis of Requirements Deltas	333
	15.4.1 Variability Model Deltas	333
	15.4.2 Impact on the Variability Model	333
	15.4.3 Impact on Requirements Artefacts	336
	15.4.4 Impact on the Architecture	337
	15.5 Documentation of the Application Requirements	341
	15.6 Differences from Single-System Engineering	343
	15.7 Summary	344
	Application Design	345
	16.1 Introduction	346
	16.1.1 Interrelation with Application Requirements Engineering	346
	16.1.2 Interrelation with Domain Design	347
	16.1.3 Interrelation with Application Realisation	348
	16.2 Development of the Application Architecture	348
	16.2.1 Application-Specific Modelling	349
	16.2.2 Binding of Variants	350
	16.2.3 Determining the Configuration	352
	16.2.4 Consistent Selection of Component Variants	353
	16.3 Feedback of Application Artefacts to the Domain	354
	16.4 Effort and Cost of Variants	355
	16.5 Differences from Single-System Engineering	356
	16.6 Summary	357
	Application Realisation	358
	17.1 Introduction	359
	17.1.1 Interrelation with Application Design	359
	17.1.2 Interrelation with Application Testing	360
	17.1.3 Interrelation with Domain Realisation	360
	17.2 Configuration	361
	17.3 Realisation of Application-Specific Components	363
	17.4 Building the Application	364
	17.5 Differences from Single-System Engineering	366
	17.6 Summary	367
	Application Testing	368
	18.1 Introduction	369
	18.1.1 Interrelation with Application Requirements Engineering	370
	18.1.2 Interrelation with Application Design	370
	18.1.3 Interrelation with Application Realisation	371
	18.1.4 Interrelation with Domain Testing	371
	18.2 Domain Test Artefact Reuse	372
	18.2.1 Dealing with Variability	372
	18.2.2 Use of Traceability Links	373
	18.3 Tests Related to Variability	375
	18.4 Testing Variability at Different Test Levels	377
	18.4.1 Application Unit Test	377
	18.4.2 Application Integration Test	377
	18.4.3 Application System Test	378
	18.5 Application Test Coverage	378
	18.5.1 Application Commonality Test	379
	18.5.2 Application Variant Test	379
	18.5.3 Application-specific Tests	380
	18.6 Application Test Activities	380
	18.6.1 Application Test Planning	380
	18.6.2 Application Test Specification	381
	18.6.3 Application Test Execution	382
	18.7 Differences from Single-System Engineering	382
	18.8 Summary	383
	Part V: Overview	385
	Part V Organisation Aspects	384
	Organisation	386
	19.1 Introduction	387
	19.2 Properties of Organisation Structures	387
	19.3 Basic Hierarchical Organisation Structures	389
	19.3.1 Development Department	390
	19.3.2 Distributed Domain Engineering	391
	19.3.3 Centralised Domain Engineering	393
	19.3.4 Several Domain Engineering Units	394
	19.4 Matrix Organisation Structures	395
	19.5 Detailed Structure	400
	19.6 Cross-Functional Teams	400
	19.7 Organisation Theory	400
	19.8 Differences from Single-System Engineering	402
	19.9 Summary	403
	Transition Process	404
	20.1 Introduction	405
	20.2 Motivation and Business Objectives	405
	20.3 Transition Strategies	406
	20.4 Benefits and Drawbacks of the Transition Strategies	409
	20.5 Cost Model	411
	20.6 Application of the Cost Model to the Transition Strategies	413
	20.7 Major Steps of a Transition Process	417
	20.8 Summary	421
	Part VI Experience and Future Research	422
	Experiences with Software Product Line Engineering	423
	21.1 ABB	424
	21.2 Boeing Company	425
	21.3 CelsiusTech Systems AB	426
	21.4 Cummins Inc.	427
	21.5 Hewlett-Packard	429
	21.6 LG Industrial Systems Co., Ltd.	430
	21.7 Lucent Technologies	431
	21.8 MARKET MAKER Software AG	432
	21.9 Philips	434
	21.10 Robert Bosch GmbH	437
	21.11 Salion Inc.	438
	21.12 Siemens AG Medical Solutions HS IM	440
	21.13 Testo AG	441
	21.14 The National Reconnaissance Office	442
	21.15 The Naval Undersea Warfare Center	443
	Future Research	445
	22.1 Domain Specialisation	446
	22.2 Quality Assurance	446
	22.3 Model-Driven Development	446
	22.4 Evolution	447
	22.5 Multiple Product Lines	447
	22.6 Tool Support	447
	22.7 Process Improvement and Assessment	448
	22.8 Economics	448
	The Authors	449
	References	453
	Glossary	465
	Index	468
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