Preface	7
	Table of Contents	9
	List of Contributors	15
	1 The Need for Web Engineering: An Introduction	20
	1.1 Introduction	20
	1.2 Web Applications Versus Conventional Software	22
	1.2.1 Web Hypermedia, Web Software, or Web Application?	22
	1.2.2 Web Development vs. Software Development	23
	1.3 The Need for an Engineering Approach	32
	1.4 Empirical Assessment	36
	1.5 Conclusions	43
	Acknowledgements	43
	References	43
	Authors’ Biographies	45
	2 Web Effort Estimation	48
	2.1 Introduction	48
	2.2 Effort Estimation Techniques	49
	2.2.1 Expert Opinion	50
	2.2.2 Algorithmic Techniques	51
	2.2.3 Artificial Intelligence Techniques	53
	2.3 Measuring Effort Prediction Power and Accuracy	58
	2.3.1 Measuring Predictive Power	58
	2.3.2 Measuring Predictive Accuracy	59
	2.4 Which Is the Most Accurate Prediction Technique?	60
	2.5 Case Study	61
	2.5.1 Data Validation	63
	2.5.2 Variables and Model Selection	66
	2.5.3 Extraction of effort Equation	86
	2.5.4 Model Validation	86
	2.6 Conclusions	88
	References	89
	Authors’ Biographies	92
	3 Web Productivity Measurement and Benchmarking	94
	3.1 Introduction	94
	3.2 Productivity Measurement Method	95
	3.3 Case Study	96
	3.3.1 Productivity Measure Construction	98
	3.3.2 Productivity Analysis	115
	3.4 Conclusions	123
	References	124
	Acknowledgements	124
	Authors’ Biographies	124
	4 Web Quality	128
	4.1 Introduction	128
	4.2 Different Perspectives of Quality	131
	4.2.1 Standards and Quality	131
	4.2.2 Quality Versus Quality in Use	135
	4.2.3 Quality and User Standpoints	138
	4.2.4 What is Web Quality?	139
	4.3 Evaluating Web Quality using WebQEM	142
	4.3.1 Quality Requirements Definition and Specification	144
	4.3.2 Elementary Measurement and Evaluation	144
	4.3.3 Global Evaluation	147
	4.3.4 Conclusions and Recommendations	148
	4.3.5 Automating the Process using WebQEM_Tool	148
	4.4 Case Study: Evaluating the Quality of Two Web Applications	149
	4.4.1 External Quality Requirements	149
	4.4.2 Designing and Executing the Elementary Evaluation	150
	4.4.3 Designing and Executing the Partial/Global Evaluation	153
	4.4.4 Analysis and Recommendations	155
	4.5 Concluding Remarks	158
	Acknowledgements	159
	References	159
	Authors’ Biographies	161
	5 Web Usability: Principles and Evaluation Methods	162
	5.1 Introduction	162
	5.1.1 Usability in the Software Lifecycle	163
	5.1.2 Chapter Organisation	164
	5.2 Defining Web Usability	165
	5.2.1 Usability and Accessibility	166
	5.3 Web Usability Criteria	168
	5.3.1 Content Visibility	170
	5.3.2 Ease of Content Access	172
	5.3.3 Ease of Content Browsing	174
	5.4 Evaluation Methods	175
	5.4.1 User Testing	176
	5.4.2 Inspection Methods	178
	5.5 Automatic Tools To Support Evaluations	184
	5.6 Evaluation of the DEI Application	185
	5.6.1 Design Inspection	186
	5.6.2 Web Usage Analysis	189
	5.7 Concluding Remarks	192
	References	194
	Authors’ Biographies	198
	6 Web System Reliability and Performance:	200
	6.1 Introduction	200
	6.2 Web Application Services	202
	6.2.1 Web Resource Classification	203
	6.2.2 Web Application’s Bearing on System Resources	205
	6.2.3 Workload Models and Performance Requirements	206
	6.3 Applications Predominantly Dynamic	208
	6.3.1 Dynamic Request Service	208
	6.3.2 Software Technologies for the Application Logic	209
	6.3.3 System Platforms	212
	6.4 Testing Loop Phase	216
	6.4.1 Representation of the Workload Model	217
	6.4.2 Traffic Generation	218
	6.4.3 Data Collection and Analysis	218
	6.5 Performance Improvements	222
	6.5.1 System Tuning	222
	6.5.2 System Scale-up	223
	6.5.3 System Scale-out	223
	6.6 Case Study	224
	6.6.1 Service Characterisation and Design	224
	6.6.2 Testing Loop Phase	227
	6.6.3 System Consolidation and Performance Improvement	231
	6.7 Conclusions	233
	Acknowledgements	233
	References	233
	Authors’ Biographies	236
	7 Web Application Testing	238
	7.1 Introduction	238
	7.2 Web Application Testing: Challenges and Perspectives	240
	7.2.1 Testing the Non-functional Requirements of a Web Application	241
	7.2.2 Testing the Functional Requirements of a Web Application	244
	7.3 Web Application Representation Models	246
	7.4 Unit Integration and System Testing of a Web Application	249
	7.4.1 Unit Testing	249
	7.4.2 Integration Testing	251
	7.4.3 System Testing	252
	7.5 Strategies for Web Application Testing	252
	7.5.1 White Box Strategies	253
	7.5.2 Black Box Strategies	256
	7.5.3 Grey Box Testing Strategies	260
	7.5.4 User Session Based Testing	261
	7.6 Tools for Web Application Testing	262
	7.7 A Practical Example of Web Application Testing	265
	7.8 Conclusions	276
	References	277
	Authors’ Biographies	279
	8 An Overview of Process Improvement in Small Settings	280
	8.1 Introduction	280
	8.1.1 Why Do Organisations Initiate SPI Efforts?	281
	8.1.2 Process Improvement Cycle	284
	8.1.3 Process Assessments	286
	8.2 Implementation in Small Settings	288
	8.2.1 Availability of Funds	288
	8.2.2 Resources For Process Improvement	288
	8.2.3 Process Model	289
	8.2.4 Training	289
	8.2.5 Relevance of Practices in Assessment Models	290
	8.2.6 Changing Behaviour	290
	8.2.7 Piloting Practices	291
	8.2.8 Where To Start	291
	8.3 Conclusions	293
	References	293
	Author’s Biography	294
	9 Conceptual Modelling of Web Applications: The OOWS Approach	296
	9.1 Introduction	296
	9.2 A Method to Model Web Applications	297
	9.2.1 OO-Method Conceptual Modelling	298
	9.2.2 OOWS: Extending Conceptual Modelling to Web Environments	299
	9.3 A Strategy To Develop the Web Solution	305
	9.4 Case Study:	306
	9.4.1 Valencia CF Web Conceptual Model	307
	9.4.2 Implemented Valencia CF Web Application	316
	9.5 Conclusions	319
	References	319
	Authors’ Biographies	320
	10 Model-Based Web Application Development	322
	10.1 The OOHDM approach – An Overview	322
	10.1.1 Requirements Gathering	323
	10.1.2 Conceptual Design	324
	10.1.3 Navigational Design	324
	10.1.4 Abstract Interface Design	325
	10.1.5 Implementation	325
	10.2 Building an Online CD Store with OOHDM	326
	10.2.1 Requirements Gathering	326
	10.2.2 Conceptual Modelling	332
	10.2.3 Navigation Design	334
	10.2.4 Abstract Interface Design	340
	10.3 From Design to Implementation	346
	10.4 Discussion and Lessons Learned	350
	10.5 Concluding Remarks	351
	Acknowledgements	351
	References	351
	Authors’ Biography	352
	11 W2000: A Modelling Notation for Complex Web Applications	354
	11.1 Introduction	354
	11.2 Modelling Elements	356
	11.3 Models	360
	11.3.1 Adaptability	362
	11.3.2 Tool Support	365
	11.4 Example Application	365
	11.4.1 Information Model	367
	11.4.2 Navigation Model	372
	11.4.3 Presentation Model	375
	11.4.4 Service Model	377
	11.5 Conclusions and Future Work	381
	References	381
	Authors’ Biographies	382
	12 What You Need To Know About Statistics	384
	12.1 Describing Individual Variables	384
	12.1.1 Types of Variables	384
	12.1.2 Descriptive Statistics	386
	12.2 The Normal Distribution	393
	12.3 Overview of Sampling Theory	394
	12.4 Other Probability Distributions	397
	12.5 Identifying Relationships in the Data	398
	12.5.1 Chi-Square Test for Independence	399
	12.5.2 Correlation Analysis	403
	12.5.3 Regression Analysis	409
	12.5.4 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)	419
	12.5.5 Comparing Two Estimation Models	424
	12.5.6 Final Comments	426
	Author’s Biography	426
	13 Empirical Research Methods in Web and Software Engineering	428
	13.1 Introduction	428
	13.2 Overview of Empirical Methods	430
	13.3 Empirical Methods in an Improvement Context	434
	13.4 Controlled Experiments	435
	13.4.1 Introduction	435
	13.4.2 Design	436
	13.4.3 Operation	438
	13.4.4 Analysis and Interpretation	439
	13.5 Case Study	441
	13.5.1 Introduction	441
	13.5.2 Case Study Arrangements	442
	13.5.3 Confounding Factors and Other Aspects	442
	13.6 Survey	443
	13.6.1 Survey Characteristics	443
	13.6.2 Survey Purposes	444
	13.6.3 Data Collection	445
	13.7 Post-mortem Analysis	445
	13.8 Summary	447
	References	447
	Authors Biographies	448
	Index	450
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