Acknowledgements	6
	Contents	7
	Preface	9
	1 The Requirements Problem	14
	1.1 The Motivation for Ethnography in Design	14
	1.1.1 Analysing the Design Space: The Waterfall Model	16
	1.1.2 A Paradigm Change in Design	17
	1.2 A Primary Analytic Point of View for Design: Enter HCI	21
	1.2.1 The User and the Interface in HCI	23
	1.2.2 Mapping Mental Models of the Referent System	26
	1.2.3 The Referent System in HCI	29
	1.2.4 Some Technical Troubles with HCI	30
	1.3 From Human Factors to Human Actors: Exit HCI	33
	1.3.1 Reconceptualizing the User	36
	1.3.2 Reconceptualizing the Interface	39
	1.4 The Turn to the Social	44
	1.4.1 Cooperative Work?	45
	1.4.2 Self-organizing Structures of Work	50
	2 Making Cooperative Work Visible	56
	2.1 Ethnography: An Informal Mode of Description and Analysis	58
	2.1.1 Investigating Cooperative Work	59
	2.1.2 Assembling Data or Instances for Inspection	63
	2.1.3 Analysing Cooperative Work	66
	2.1.4 The Problem of Constructive Analysis	68
	2.2 Analysing Cooperative Work: Sacks and Garfinkel	72
	2.2.1 Conversation Analysis	74
	2.2.2 Ethnomethodological Analysis	78
	2.2.3 General Methodology: Thick Description	84
	2.3 Representing Cooperative Work	87
	2.3.1 The Unique Adequacy Requirement	90
	2.3.2 The Particular Need to Transcend Generic Analytic Formats	92
	3 Work Studies and Design	98
	3.1 The Role of Ethnomethodological Studies of Work in Design	99
	3.1.1 Some Practical Strategies for the Use of Ethnography	100
	3.2 Using Ethnography to Give Form to Design (The Bricoleur’s Craft)	106
	3.2.1 A Lingua Franca for Design	114
	3.2.2 The Adapted Patterns Framework	117
	3.2.3 Analysing the Design Space with Patterns (Formulating Design Solutions 1)	123
	3.2.4 Co-constructing Use-scenarios (Formulating Design Solutions 2)	126
	4 Evaluating Systems Support for Cooperative Work	140
	4.1 Prototyping Methodology	141
	4.1.1 Participatory Design	143
	4.1.2 Cooperative Design	147
	4.1.3 Beyond Political Rhetoric	152
	4.2 Evaluation of Prototypes	155
	4.2.1 The HCI Tradition	155
	4.2.2 Alternatives to HCI	158
	4.3 Cooperative Design in Action	160
	4.3.1 Situated Evaluation (Formulating Design Solutions 3)	161
	Summary	176
	References	180
	Subject Index	188
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