Preface	7
	Contents	15
	List of Figures	21
	List of Tables	23
	Genesis and Theory of Computer Viruses	25
	1 Introduction	27
	2 The Formalization Foundations: from Turing to von Neumann (1936 – 1967)	31
	2.1 Introduction	31
	2.2 Turing Machines	32
	2.2.1 Turing Machines and Recursive Functions	33
	2.2.2 Universal Turing Machine	37
	2.2.3 The Halting Problem and Decidability	39
	2.2.4 Recursive Functions and Viruses	41
	2.3 Self-reproducing Automata	43
	2.3.1 The Mathematical Model of Von Neumann Automata	44
	2.3.2 Von Neumann’s Self-reproducing Automaton	52
	2.3.3 The Langton’s Self-reproducing Loop	55
	3 F. Cohen and L. Adleman’s Formalization (1984 – 1989)	63
	3.1 Introduction	63
	3.2 Fred Cohen’s Formalization	65
	3.3 Leonard Adleman’s Formalization	89
	3.4 Conclusion	101
	Exercises	102
	Study Projects	104
	4 Taxonomy, Techniques and Tools	105
	4.1 Introduction	105
	4.2 General Aspects of Computer Infection Programs	107
	4.3 Non Self-reproducing Malware (Epeian)	122
	4.4 How Do Viruses Operate?	127
	4.5 Virus and Worms Classification	146
	4.5.1 Viruses Nomenclature	146
	4.6 Tools in Computer Virology	171
	Exercises	173
	5 Fighting Against Viruses	175
	5.1 Introduction	175
	5.2 Protecting Against Viral Infections	177
	5.2.1 Antiviral Techniques	179
	5.2.2 Assessing of the Cost of Viral Attacks	187
	5.2.3 Computer Hygiene Rules	188
	5.2.4 What To Do in Case of a Malware Attack	191
	5.2.5 Conclusion	194
	5.3 Legal Aspects Inherent to Computer Virology	196
	5.3.1 The Current Situation	196
	5.3.2 Evolution of The Legal Framework: The Law Dealing With	199
	Learning Computer Viruses by Programming	203
	6 Introduction	205
	7 Computer Viruses in Interpreted Programming Language	209
	7.1 Introduction	209
	7.2 Design of a Shell Bash Virus under Linux	210
	7.2.1 Fighting Overinfection	212
	7.2.2 Anti-antiviral Fighting: Polymorphism	214
	7.2.3 Increasing the	218
	7.2.4 Including a Payload	220
	7.3 Some Real-world Examples	221
	7.4 Conclusion	227
	Exercises	227
	Study Projects	228
	8 Companion Viruses	231
	8.1 Introduction	231
	8.2 The companion virus	234
	8.2.1 Analysis of the Virus	235
	8.2.2 Weaknesses and Flaws of the	243
	8.3 Optimized and Stealth Versions of the Vcomp ex Virus	245
	8.4 The Vcomp ex v3 Companion Virus	262
	8.5 A Hybrid Companion Virus: the Virus Case	265
	8.6 Conclusion	273
	Exercises	273
	Study Projects	277
	9 Worms	281
	9.1 Introduction	281
	9.2 The Internet Worm	283
	9.3 IIS Worm Code Analysis	290
	9.4 Xanax Worm Code Source Analysis	310
	9.5 Analysis of the UNIX.LoveLetter Worm	331
	9.6 Conclusion	340
	Exercises	341
	Study Projects	343
	Computer Viruses and Applications	345
	10 Introduction	347
	11 Computer Viruses and Applications	351
	11.1 Introduction	351
	11.2 The State of the Art	354
	11.3 Fighting against Crime	364
	11.4 Environmental Cryptographic Key Generation	366
	11.5 Conclusion	371
	Exercises	372
	12 BIOS Viruses	373
	12.1 Introduction	373
	12.2 bios Structure and Working	375
	12.3 vbios Virus Description	381
	12.4 Installation of vbios	386
	12.5 Future Prospects and Conclusion	388
	13 Applied Cryptanalysis of Cipher Systems: The ymun20 Virus	391
	13.1 Introduction	391
	13.2 General Description of Both the Virus and the Attack	393
	13.3 Detailed Analysis of the Virus	397
	13.3.1 The Attack Context	397
	13.3.2 The ymun20-V1 Virus	399
	13.4 Conclusion	404
	Study Project	404
	Conclusion	407
	14 Conclusion	409
	References	415
	Index	423